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How to assignment Make Your Coursework as Good as It Can Possibly Be. Many GCSE and A-level subjects are assessed in part by coursework in marco university, addition to exams, meaning that the assignment help writing an essay, mark you receive for coursework contributes to your overall grade. Many students prefer coursework, because it’s a chance to showcase your academic abilities away from the high-pressured environment of the exam room, making it ideal for those who don’t perform to the best of their abilities in louisiana state university school electives, exams. However, the assignment help writing, time you have available for coursework, in contrast with the time constraints of the exam room, can lull some students into a false sense of security. Coursework is arguably just as challenging as exams, just in different ways and, given the fact that you have more time, much higher standards are expected of louisiana school electives you in coursework than in exams. Careful planning and research are needed for help writing successful coursework, as well as strong data-gathering and essay-writing skills. In this article, we look at how to produce excellent coursework, from planning to proofreading.

Though the prominent alumni tours, amount of help marks allotted to coursework has generally been decreased, it remains an important component of many subjects. GCSE and A-level coursework typically takes the form of an extended essay or project. Its objectives vary from one subject to another, but there’s usually an state university school for elementary emphasis on the student conducting independent research into a topic of their own choice. Assignment Help Writing? Thus coursework often takes the form of some sort of investigation; it may, therefore, help to marco of houston have your ‘detective’ hat on as you explore, investigate and analyse your topic. You can usually work on your coursework at home, though it’s sometimes completed under controlled conditions through sessions at school. Assignment Help An Essay? To give you a better idea of how coursework varies from marco, one subject to another, here are some examples: English English coursework usually takes the help writing, form of an extended essay with a title of your choice. You’re usually given a choice of themes and/or texts to explore, and boston theater alumni football, you could choose a format such as a comparison between a set text and another one. An Essay? Geography Geography coursework usually focuses on the gathering, reporting and interpretation of data designed to answer a particular geographical question.

You could investigate usage of a shopping centre, for example, or look at theater erosion on a particular beach. Sciences coursework for science subjects often takes the form of help writing an essay a scientific project or experiment that you conduct and report on antigua american, yourself. Assignment Help Writing? If you#8217;re known to have plagiarised work, it could affect your chances of getting into and barbuda university, university. Help Writing An Essay? Before you start work on your coursework, it’s essential that you have a thorough understanding of the rules. Failing to conform to the rules inadvertently or not may result in your coursework (or possibly even your entire qualification) being disqualified, so it’s a serious matter. No plagiarism this is particularly dangerous given the ready availability of relevant information on the internet these days. Make sure everything is in your own words; you’ll need to sign a declaration stating that it’s your own original work. There’s only so much help your teacher can give you . American? They can provide guidance on what you need to assignment help an essay include, and on antigua and barbuda american, what the examiners will be looking for. You can ask them questions, but they’ll usually only be able to check through your first draft once and offer broad hints on updating it. Check the word count , and stick to it.

Find out writing, whether footnotes, appendices and bibliographies are included in the word count. Check what topics you’re allowed to french essay do your coursework on; if there’s an exam on this topic, you’ll almost certainly have to choose a different one for your coursework. Take your time over assignment help writing, choosing your topic. Boston University? Ideally, choose something you’re genuinely interested in, as your enthusiasm will come across and you’ll find it more enjoyable to write. If there’s something you’ve been working on for the help, course so far that you’ve particularly enjoyed, you may be able to louisiana electives for elementary focus more on this as part of your coursework. For science coursework, you’ll need to choose something to investigate that you can measure, change and control; it should be what’s called a ‘fair test’, meaning that you have to acknowledge all the controls you use in assignment help, the experiment and why. Louisiana School Electives For Elementary? Try not to pick a topic for which the scope is too vast, as you’ll struggle to research it properly and you’re unlikely to do it justice, and it’ll be hard to keep within the assignment help writing an essay, word limit.

Ask your teachers for some guidance on choosing your topic if you’re not sure what to write about; they might even tell you a bit about what previous students have done to give you some inspiration. Get the important timings worked out in an advance. Never leave your coursework until the last minute, even if this is your normal approach to essays and it usually works for you. Make sure you understand when the deadlines are, including time for submitting a first draft for university comments from your teacher. Then schedule blocks of time for working on assignment help writing an essay, it, allowing plenty of time before the deadline to michigan university leaders cater for any unexpected delays. Allow ample time for making corrections based on teacher feedback on your first draft, and keep some time aside before the deadline for final editing and proofreading. Because actual deadlines are few and far between, you’ll need to take responsibility for the writing process and impose some deadlines on yourself to ensure it’s finished in time. Write down your deadlines on assignment help an essay, a calendar, with the coursework broken into stages and dates assigned to each, by which time each task should be complete. You can base your stages on the next few points in this article research and data gathering, a structure plan for the piece of work, writing up, and so on. Conducting your research and gathering data.

Research is a vital part of coursework. French Essay Help? As coursework is primarily a research exercise, the research phase is crucial, so don’t be tempted to skimp on it and go straight to writing up. Use as many different resources as you can to gather data: books, journals, newspapers, television, radio, the internet and anything else you think might be relevant. Assignment Writing An Essay? For science and Geography coursework, you’ll need to base your work on boston university alumni, a hypothesis, so the research stage should start by coming up with at least one hypothesis, otherwise your research will lack direction. The research phase for some subjects may involve site visits for gathering data, so allow plenty of time for this, particularly if you need your parents to drive you somewhere to do so. If it’s a scientific experiment you’re conducting for your coursework, you’ll need to pay careful attention to planning the experiment using rigorous scientific methods (also noting what Health and Safety precautions you are taking), as well as reading up on assignment writing an essay, the background and theory so that you have an idea of boston university theater what to assignment writing expect from the football, outcome of your experiment. Assignment? In the research stage, make notes about what you expect to prominent alumni tours happen, so that you can later compare your expectations with what actually did happen. The experiment itself also forms part of the research and data-gathering stage for your science coursework; in the write-up stage, which we come onto shortly, you analyse and write up the results. Once you’ve completed your research, the process of writing up begins. Before you get down to the actual writing, however, it’s advisable to write a plan for how you’re going to structure it essentially an help an essay essay plan for English coursework and other subjects for which the coursework is based on an extended essay.

It’ll look slightly different from an university school of medicine electives for elementary essay plan for science subjects and others that revolve around project work, but the principle is the an essay, same: plan out essay, what order you’re going to assignment help present your information in. For big projects, this is particularly important, because with a lot of football division information to convey, you risk being disorganised and waffling. Make sure your writing is top-notch. For any coursework, but particularly coursework based around an extended essay, you’ll need to perfect your essay-writing abilities. Help Writing An Essay? For science coursework, writing up your project also involves data analysis, as you interpret the results of your experiment and work your notes into formal scientific language. Follow the and barbuda university, links below to find lots more useful advice on writing great essays.

When you’re writing up, it’s important to find a place where you can work quietly, without distractions that could cause you to make careless errors. Help? You wouldn’t want noise or distractions when you were in an exam room, so treat your coursework with the same reverence. For some subjects, namely the sciences and Geography, it would be appropriate to french essay help include images, graphs, charts, tables and help writing an essay, so on in your coursework. For example, for Geography coursework, your extra material could include annotated images and maps of the site you’re talking about, plus tables, graphs and prominent university of michigan, charts. An appendix could then detail your raw data; if, for example, your coursework focused on the results of a survey, you could put the raw survey responses in an appendix and provide summaries and writing an essay, analysis in the main body of the coursework. Don#8217;t leave the bibliography to michigan state division leaders the last minute; it#8217;s a vital part of assignment help writing your coursework.

As we said earlier, it’s important that you always use your own words in your coursework to avoid the possibility of falling foul of plagiarism rules. However, it’s acceptable to quote from another source, as you would in any piece of academic writing, but you must make sure that you state where it is from and use quotation marks to show that it’s a quote from university, somewhere else. The best way of citing another work is to use a footnote; word processors will allow you to insert one, and writing an essay, it just puts a little number at the end of the sentence and louisiana university school electives, another in the footer of the document, into which you put the name of the author and work, and the page within that work that the quote can be found. At the end of assignment writing your piece of work, include a bibliography that includes a list of every external source you’ve used in french help, the creation of your coursework. Stick to a set formula when including books. A common format is: Author Surname, Initial. (Date) Title of help writing Book , page number.

Lewis, C.S. (1960) Studies in state school, Words , p. 45. When you get to university, you’ll be expected to include footnotes and bibliographies in all your essays, so it’s a good habit to get into and coursework gives you good practice at it. You can#8217;t proofread too many times. Having completed a first draft, received feedback from your teacher, and honed your work into a finished piece of coursework, have a final check through it before you send off your coursework for submission. Sense check : have a read through your completed piece of work and check that it all makes sense. Make sure you haven’t contradicted yourself anywhere, or repeated yourself, or laboured the point.

If there are any facts that you may have meant to look up to double check their accuracy, do so now. Help An Essay? Word count : ensure that the marco university, completed work falls within the word count, and an essay, double check whether the bibliography should be included in the word count. If you’ve exceeded it, you’ll need to work through the piece and tighten up your writing, omitting unnecessary information, reordering sentences so that they use fewer words, and so on. Proofread : check your spelling and grammar, and ensure that there are no typos. Theater Alumni Football? Don’t just use the spellcheck go through it with a fine toothcomb, manually, and if you can, ask someone to read through it for you to see if they spot anything you haven’t.

Formatting : check that you’ve included page numbers, and that the font and line spacing is consistent throughout the work. Ensure that the font is plain and easy to read, such as Arial or Times New Roman. Bibliography : check that you’ve included everything, that the help, format is the same for all sources mentioned, and that the right information is included for michigan university football each. Once this stage is complete, you’re ready to submit your coursework along with your declaration that it’s entirely your own work. Get ready for a feeling of immense satisfaction when you finally send off your hard work! 6 Responses to #8220;How to Make Your Coursework as Good as It Can Possibly Be#8221; December 14, 2015 at 8:41 am, Alex nuttal said: I like this web but it could look more appealing to a younger eye xx. December 14, 2015 at 8:42 am, Alex nuttal said: I love geographyxx.

November 05, 2016 at 9:44 am, Mariya said: Is anybody doing BTEC L3 Business and Health and help, social care this year ? if yes then please help me ! December 04, 2016 at 12:13 pm, Molly Houlston said: I#8217;m currently doing my film studies coursework and this really helped ! December 10, 2016 at 1:15 pm, Nadia said: Really helpful thank you I got an 49 marks out of 50 for my science course work which is an university school for elementary A*

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Bar Code printer deployment. Coordinated between the business and the technical team members through the solution delivery process. Recommended supported all Oracle Applications patching, upgrades and maintenance activities by testing and troubleshooting functional issues. Conducted CRP, User Acceptance Test User Training. Go Live.

Managed Oracle Service Requests (SR's) to resolution. Environment : Oracle Applications 11.5.10.2. Oracle R12 implementation, Escalade Inc, Evansville, IN Jan 2008 Feb 2009. ERP Specialist - MFG SC. Escalade Inc is a manufacturer and distributor of sporting goods and assignment an essay, office/graphic arts products through two wholly owned subsidiaries: Escalade Sports and Martin Yale. As a SME I implemented INV, BOM, WIP, ASCP, WMS, MSCA, CST, PO and Quality across multiple sites in US, Mexico Europe using Oracle Business Accelerator. Key initiatives are Planning and scheduling configuration , Integration with Demantra forecast model, Constrained Planning configuration, Available to promise (ATP) configuration, Build to Order process set-up, RF Scanner, label printing bar code process deployment for manufacturing, receiving and shipping, Super market setup, WMS org configuration , Put away and Cross Docking rule set-up, MSCA GUI configuration, PTO Kit set-up, Direct Indirect cost mapping, Return Repair process, Set-up for Demo Trade-show inventory, NPI and louisiana state university of medicine for elementary, ECO process, Purchasing approval hierarchy configuration , Auto create purchase requisition from planning workbench, Cycle count and an essay, Physical count setup, OSP and Drop-ship process, Quality collection plans and collection element set-up, Engineering, Production Purchasing hold, Scrap calculation, XML and Discoverer reports, Workflow configuration, Scrap calculation, Data migration from AS400 to louisiana state electives for elementary oracle, Training and change management. Collected business requirement by writing an essay interviewing client team across multiple sites. Reviewed business process documents. Accountable for providing leadership and university of michigan tours, facilitation for requirements gathering, structured documentation and presentation of help an essay findings.

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Performed Data conversion through Data Loader. Assignment An Essay? Supported conversions like Items, Item Categories, BOM, Routing, Cost, Item transaction default, Price list, On hand. Designed customized reports Bar code labels and and barbuda american, prepared specification documents. Integrated testing with Bartender S/W label printer. Trained Users on help writing Oracle forms and Handheld Computers/Handheld Terminals. Barcode scanning process deployment for MFG, Receiving Shipping area. Used Oracle UPK to prepare training manuals, user training document work instruction sheet. Helped with security, Oracle responsibilities, alerts, workflow approvals and boston university theater football, system privileges.

Identified and analyzed non-functional requirements such as system performance, usability, reliability, adaptability, security, and other operational aspects. Coordinated between the business and the technical team members through the solution delivery process. Recommended supported all Oracle Applications patching, upgrades and maintenance activities by testing and troubleshooting functional issues. Managed Oracle Service Requests (SR's) to resolution effectively. Conducted Super user training, CRP, User Acceptance Test, end user training. Go Live. Production Support Implementation issues, Training, Month end, year end activities. Environment : Oracle Applications R12.0.4.

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Coordinated between the business and the technical team members through the solution delivery process. Identified operational inefficiencies and integration issues. Suggested alternative solution. Prioritization and assignment of development activities to offshore team. Specification documents for reports customizations. Designed deployed customized reports.

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Prepared test plans, user training document work instruction sheet. Designed implemented customized reports/labels required by users. Integrated testing with bar code S/W label printer. Coordinated between the business and the technical team members through the solution delivery process. Recommended Supported all Oracle Applications patching, upgrades and maintenance activities by testing and troubleshooting functional issues. Managed Oracle Service Requests (SR's) to assignment help writing an essay resolution effectively. Conducted Super user training, CRP , User Acceptance Test , end user training and Go Live. Production Support roll-out issues , Training, Month end activities. Environment: Oracle Applications 11.5.10.

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Accountable for providing leadership and facilitation for requirements gathering, structured documentation and louisiana university school of medicine, presentation of findings. Prepared Setup specification documents BR100 configured oracle modules in development and production environment. Prepared Conversion specification documents CV60/CV40, Data Validation Load file preparation. Deployed ERES AME framework to help achieve FDA compliance for required business transactions. Performed Data conversion through Interfaces/Data Loader. Conversions like Items, Item Categories, BOM, Routing, Cost, Item transaction default, On handetc. Error resolution. Designed customized reports Bar code labels required by and barbuda university users. Specification documents for assignment help Reports Customizations MD63 interface MD60.

Developed comprehensive test plan at university alumni football various Phase CRP1, CRP2, and assignment writing, ITEST Go-live. Prepared Test scripts for user testing by mapping the actual business scenarios. Exhaustive Implementation Testing End to End. Managed Quality Center/ Test Director for test case management and defect tracking. Prepared Test Plan, Training Documents and of michigan tours, work instructions. User training and assignment help writing, User Acceptance Test. Go Live.

Managed Oracle Service Requests (SR's) to help resolution effectively. Production Support resolved implementation issues. Month end, year end activities. Environment : Oracle Applications 11.5.10. Oracle 11i Implementation at help writing GE Clinical Systems, Madison, WI Feb 2004 Aug 2005. GE Clinical Systems in the business of high end Medical equipment like digital imaging, scanners etc. It is carrying out the implementation in a global single instance in marco university a discrete manufacturing environment.

As a MFG Consultant I was responsible for INV, WIP, BOM, CST and ENG module implementation. Key initiatives were to set up Item parameter, cycle count physical count, Model BOM Configuration, Product Cost mapping, Cost-roll up and variance analysis, Data migration and validation, NPI and help writing, ECO process. Coordinated with technical team for third party system integrations (Sales workbench, Service Parts Order Management, BI Reports, IQA) Mapped business requirements. As-Is Vs To-be Process Analysis. Marco Squassina University Of Houston? Gap Analysis and help an essay, Resolution. Prepared Setup specification documents BR100 configured oracle modules in development and school electives for elementary, production environment. Prepared Conversion specification documents CV60/CV40. Data Validation Load file preparation. Performed Data conversion through Interfaces / Data Loader. Conversions like Item, Item Categories, BOM, Routing, Cost, On handetc.

Error resolution. Designed customized reports/labels required by help writing users. Specification documents for boston university theater alumni Reports Customizations MD63 interface MD60. Developed comprehensive test plan at various Phase CRP1, CRP2, and ITEST Go-live. Prepared Test scripts for user testing by mapping the an essay, actual business scenarios. Exhaustive Implementation Testing End to End. Managed Quality Center/ Test Director for test case management and squassina of houston, defect tracking. Prepared Training Documents.

End user training. Conducted CRP UAT. Go-live. Managed Oracle Service Requests (SR's) to resolution effectively. Production Support resolved implementation issues. Month end Quarter close activities. Environment : Oracle Applications 11.5.9. Oracle Apps Production Support, GE Healthcare, Waukesha, WI Apr 2003 Jan 2004.

Production support activities (24x7) for assignment help writing GE healthcare live sites across Americas, Europe and prominent of michigan alumni, Asia. Tracked and resolved business user issues and helped with process across Manufacturing, Distribution and Finance modules. Assisted program manager by scoping the proposed solution leading to accurate cost and time estimates. Developed functional specifications and an essay, system design specifications document to louisiana university of medicine electives meet business requirements. Supported Conversions, Report, Interfaces, and writing an essay, Extensions requirements. Prepared Set-up BR100, Conversion specification documents CV60/CV40. Supported Data conversions like Items, Item Categories, BOM, Routing, Cost, on hand, Sourcing rule, Item Transaction Defaults, Open PO, Price List.

Coordinated between the business and the technical team members through the marco squassina of houston, solution delivery process. Test plan development and assignment writing an essay, execution. Conducted User training. Prepared training documents and university alumni, work instructions. Month end, Quarter close, Year end activities and reporting. Environment : Oracle Applications 11i.

Configure, Price, Quote, GE Healthcare, Mumbai, India Feb 2001 Mar 2003. Configure-Price-Quote (CPQ), a Product Configuration application, is GEHC’s global initiative to integrate its multiple equipment selling systems on a single global platform. CPQ integrates with the Order to Receipt (OTR) Oracle Apps system different components of sales workbench. CPQ Application is being developed using Selectica’s ISS (Interactive Selling System) tool. Identified and consolidated key Business needs requirements from different GEHC businesses feeding into the CPQ program. Analyzed and Evaluated enhancements to the application.

Coordinated between User and technical teams through the assignment writing an essay, design and university football, development process to delivery. Developed test plan and integrated test script. Used Test Director for an essay defect tracking. Designed Product hierarchy tool to support product configuration. Developed use cases system mock up for support tools. Bajaj Tempo Limited, M.P., India Jul 1997 Jun 1999.

Bajaj Tempo is a leading light commercial Vehicle manufacturer in India. Manufacture Tempo Trax, Tempo Traveler, Matador, Tempo Tractor, and Mini-door in the segment of michigan state university football division passenger load carrying vehicle. Assignment? As Production Engineer I was -in-charge of Tempo Trax production line, managed manpower of around 20 employees and antigua and barbuda, reporting to writing Plant Manager. Production planning to squassina of houston meet daily and monthly targets. Manufacturing scheduling Resource allocation.

Co-ordination with supporting dept. (Maintenance, Quality control, IT , Return Repair dept etc). Performance monitoring execution. Production issue resolution. Master of Engineering (Manufacturing Systems), Birla Institute of Technology and Science- Pilani, Bachelor of Engineering (Mechanical), Govt.

Engineering College, Ujjain India. Oracle Certification Program (OCP) - 11i E-Business Suite Essentials for Implementers.

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Formal writing is used in academic and scientific settings whenever you want to convey your ideas to a wide audience, with many possible backgrounds and assumptions. Writing An Essay? Unlike casual conversation or emails to friends, formal writing needs to be clear, unambiguous, literal, and well structured. Formal writing is not just dictated conversation In general, it is inappropriate simply to write as you would speak. In conversation, the and barbuda university, listener can ask for clarification or elaboration easily, and thus the speaker can use imprecise language, ramble from help an essay, topic to school of medicine electives for elementary topic freely, and so on. Formal writing must instead stand on its own, conveying the author's thesis clearly through words alone. As a result, formal writing requires substantial effort to construct meaningful sentences, paragraphs, and arguments relevant to a well-defined thesis. The best formal writing will be difficult to write but very easy to read. The author's time and effort spent on assignment help, writing will be repaid with the time and effort saved by the (many) readers. Make your thesis obvious throughout An essay, article, or report should have one main topic (the thesis) that is clearly evident in the introduction and conclusion. Louisiana University Of Medicine Electives For Elementary? Of course, the thesis may itself be a conjunction or a contrast between two items, but it must still be expressible as a single, coherent point. In a short essay, the main point should usually conclude the introductory paragraph.

In a longer essay, the assignment writing, main point generally concludes the introductory section. The reader should never be in any doubt about what your thesis is; whenever you think it might not be absolutely obvious, remind the michigan university, reader again. When in doubt, use the recipe: introduce, expand/justify, conclude Paragraphs, subsections, sections, chapters, and books all use the same structure: first make the writing, topic clear, then expand upon help it, and finally sum up, tying everything back to assignment help an essay the topic. At each level, you need to tell the reader what you will be trying to say (in this paragraph, section, etc.), then you need to cover all the relevant material, clearly relating it to your stated point, and finally you need to tie the subtopics together so that they do indeed add up to establish the point that you promised. Stay on topic Everything in your document should be related clearly to your main thesis. You can write other papers later for anything else you might want to say.

The reason your reader is michigan state university football reading this particular paper of yours is that he or she wants to know about help, your main topic, not simply about everything you might want to french say (unless for some narcissistic reason everything you might want to say is your clearly stated main topic). Conversely, there is no need to bring up items simply because they relate to your main topic, if you do not have anything to say about help, them. If you do bring something up, say something important about michigan state leaders, it! Staying on topic does not mean being one sided To avoid being misleading, you will often need to acknowledge some weaknesses in your argument or discuss some merits of an opposing argument. Writing An Essay? It is quite appropriate to discuss such opposing views when they are relevant, i.e., when they relate directly to the main topic of louisiana state of medicine for elementary your paper. For instance, if you are reviewing a paper and arguing that it was not written well overall, it is usually a good idea to assignment help writing an essay point out the few things that were done well, e.g. Essay Help? so that the reader does not get the impression that you just like to complain :-) . Often such opposing observations fit well just after the introduction, providing a background for the rest of your arguments that follow.

Whenever you do include such material, i.e. things that go in the direction opposite to your main thesis, be careful to help writing put it into only a few well-defined places, reorganizing your argument to achieve that when necessary. University Football Division Leaders? Jumping back and forth will confuse the reader unnecessarily. Assignment Help Writing? In every case, try to make your point as clearly as possible, while at the same time not overstating it and university, not pretending that no other valid viewpoints exist. Transitions are difficult but very important Each sentence in your document should follow smoothly from the assignment help writing an essay, preceding sentence, and each paragraph should follow smoothly from the preceding paragraph. The world is arguably an unstructured jumble of michigan football leaders ideas, but anything that you expect the assignment help writing, reader to read from start to finish needs to be a linear progression along one single path. Transition words and phrases are what make it possible for a reader to boston university alumni football follow you easily as you explore the assignment help, various ideas in your paper. Without good transitions, the reader will end up backtracking repeatedly, which will often cause your point to be lost or your paper to be tossed aside altogether. One clue that your writing needs better transitions is if you find that you can cut and paste paragraphs from french essay, one section to another without doing substantial rewriting of how the paragraph begins and ends.

If making such rearrangements is easy, then you have not been linking your paragraphs into a coherent narrative that reads well from start to finish. In practice, making smooth transitions is very difficult. Learning to do it takes a lot of practice at first, and actually making the transitions smooth takes a lot of effort every time you write or revise something. One rule of thumb is assignment writing an essay that whenever you switch topics, you should try to provide a verbal clue that you are doing so, using transitions like However, . Essay? , As a result, . Help Writing? , For comparison, , etc. If you notice that you have to add these words between most of your sentences, not just the paragraphs, then you are bouncing around too much.

In that case you need to reorganize your document to group related thoughts together, switching topics only when necessary. Once the organization is good, all you can do is read and reread what you write, rewording it until each new item follows easily from those before it. Write what you mean, mean what you write Speakers use many informal, colloquial phrases in help casual conversation, usually intending to convey meanings other than what the words literally indicate. For instance, we often speak informally of going the extra mile, at the end of the day, hard facts, things being crystal clear or pretty convincing, someone sticking to assignment a topic, readers being turned off, something really being the michigan division leaders, case, etc. Avoid such imprecise writing in formal prose -- whenever possible, the words you write should literally mean exactly what they say. If there were no miles involved, do not write of extra ones; if there was no crystal, do not write about its clarity. Among other benefits, avoiding such informal language will ensure that your meaning is assignment an essay obvious even to those who have not learned the university, currently popular idioms, such as those for help writing an essay, whom English is a second language and state, those who might read your writing years from now or in another part of the world. Formal writing should be clear to as many people as possible, and assignment help writing, its meaning should not depend on the whims of your local dialect of university English. It is assignment writing an essay a permanent and antigua and barbuda american university, public record of your ideas, and assignment help writing an essay, should mean precisely what you have written.

Avoid redundancy Unfortunately, specifying minimum page requirements encourages redundancy, but please try to avoid that temptation. And Barbuda University? When two words will do, there is no need to use twenty. Whenever you finish a sentence or paragraph, read over assignment an essay, it to see if any words or sentences can be eliminated -- often your point will get much stronger when you do so. In the academic community, your ability to write concisely is university far more important than your ability to fill up a page with text. Academic courses specify page minimums to ensure that you write an essay of the appropriate depth, not to test whether you can say the same thing a dozen different ways just to fill up space. In the real world, you will see many more page maximum specifications than page minimums. Be professional and diplomatic When writing about another's work, always write as if your subject may read your document. Your essays for a course assignment will probably not be published, but genuine scientific writing will be, and the subject of assignment writing an essay your paper may very well come across your work eventually. Thus it is crucial to avoid pejorative, insulting, and offensive terms like attempt to, a waste of time, pointless, etc. If some of the essays I have seen were read out loud to marco of houston the author under discussion, a fistfight would probably result. At the writing, very least, you would have made an enemy for life, which is rarely a good idea.

In any case, your points will be much more convincing if you can disagree professionally and french help, diplomatically, without attacking the writing an essay, author or implying that he or she is an french, imbecile. And, finally, no one will publish your work if it is help just a diatribe and not a sober, reasoned argument. To avoid these sorts of problems, it might be good to and barbuda university pretend that you are the author under discussion and re-read your essay through his or her eyes. It should be straightforward to figure out which parts would make you defensive or angry, and assignment writing, you can then reword those. Avoid imperative voice Use imperative voice sparingly in a scientific paper, because it comes across as rude (as do many of the sentences in prominent university tours what you are reading right now!). E.g. do not say Recall that . . Assignment Help Writing? Of course, an occasional imperative in american parentheses is not objectionable (e.g. (see Walker 1996 for more details).).

A formal document needs to be structured at all levels, whether or not the structure is made explicit using section labels or other visible clues. Overall structure The standard format for an effective essay or article is to: (1) present a coherent thesis in the introduction, (2) try your hardest to help convince the reader of your thesis in the body of the paper, and (3) restate the thesis in the conclusion so that the reader remains quite sure what your thesis is, and antigua and barbuda american, so that the assignment help writing, reader can decide whether he or she was convinced. Using any other format for a formal article is french almost invariably a bad idea. The introduction and conclusions do not always need to be labeled as such, but they need to be there. Note that an abstract is no substitute for an introduction; abstracts act as an independent miniature version of the article, not part of the introduction.

Each paragraph is one relevant sub-topic Each paragraph in a document should have one topic that is clearly evident early in the paragraph. Every paragraph should have a clear relationship to the main topic of your document; if not, either the paragraph should be eliminated, or the assignment help writing an essay, main topic should be revised. Use complete sentences Except in american extraordinary circumstances, sentences in assignment writing the main text must be complete, i.e., they must have a subject and of houston, a verb, so that they express an entire thought, not just a fragment or the beginning of a thought. Assignment Help An Essay? Note that most -ing words are not verbs. The light turning green is just a fragment, i.e., a start to a sentence or a part of one.

To be a sentence that you could use on its own followed by a period, it would have to leaders be The light turned green, which has both a subject and a verb. Put appropriate punctuation between sentences. Two complete sentences can be divided with a period, question mark, or exclamation point, or they can be weakly connected as clauses with a semicolon. However, they can never be connected with a comma in formal writing! To see if your writing has this problem, consider each of your commas in help turn. If you could replace the comma with a period, leaving two complete, meaningful sentences, then that comma is an error -- a comma can never be used like that! Instead, replace the comma with a semicolon, in louisiana of medicine electives for elementary case you have two sentences that need to be linked in some generic way, or make the linkage explicit with a conjunction, or simply use a period, to leave two complete and assignment writing, independent sentences. Section titles Section titles for michigan state university football division leaders, an article should say exactly and succinctly what the an essay, reader will get out of that section. In most relatively short documents, using a standard set of section titles is best so that people can scan through your document quickly. Boston Alumni Football? Section standards vary in assignment an essay different fields, but a common set is: Introduction, Background, Methods (for an experimental paper) or Architecture (for a modeling paper), Discussion, Future Work (often merged with Discussion), and Conclusion.

If you do not use the standard titles, e.g. if you have labeled lower-level subsections, you should be quite explicit about what is in that section. Such labels should make sense to someone who has not yet read that section, and make it clear why they should read it. For instance, a section about adding a second eye to a simulation of single-eye vision could truthfully be called Multiple eyes, but that title is meaningless to someone scanning the document. Instead, it should be something like Extending the model to explain stereo vision whose meaning will be clear to the type of person likely to be reading the paper. Everything important goes in your introduction and conclusion Everyone who looks at your paper will at least skim the football division leaders, introduction and assignment an essay, conclusion, and louisiana of medicine electives for elementary, those who read it in depth will remember those two sections the best. Assignment Help An Essay? So make sure that your most important points are quite prominent and antigua university, unmissable in those sections. Say it, never just say that you will say it In the introduction, conclusion, and abstract (if any), do not merely describe what you are going to say or have said; actually say it! For instance, do not just state that I will discuss and evaluate this paper if you will later argue that (for example) it is assignment an essay not convincing. Instead state that the paper is and barbuda university unconvincing, and assignment an essay, (in brief) why you believe that to be the case. Then you can elaborate on louisiana university school electives for elementary, that point in subsequent paragraphs. Subsections If you have sections 1, 1.1, and assignment help writing, 1.2, there must be introductory material between 1 and louisiana state university of medicine electives for elementary, 1.1 that explains briefly what is in the subsections, mentioned in the order of the help writing, subsections.

That is, 1.1 should never follow just after 1 without some intervening text. Antigua And Barbuda? If you have 1.1, there must always be a 1.2; otherwise 1 and assignment help writing an essay, 1.1 should be merged. Each 1.x subsection should end with a concluding statement of what has been established in that subsection, wrapping things up before moving on to the university, next subsection. Figure captions Different communities have different expectations on what to put into figure captions. Some journals, like Science , have very long captions, which are meant to help an essay be readable independently of the of michigan alumni tours, main article. Assignment Help Writing? That way, readers can skim articles and of michigan, only look at interesting figures, before deciding whether to read the whole article.

In such cases, you must ensure that all of the main points of the figure are also mentioned in help writing the text of the article, so that someone reading the article straight through will not miss them. Other journals and other publications like books, theses, and french essay help, proposals tend to have very little in writing an essay the caption, with the figures being understandable only when reading the main text. Even in of michigan alumni tours such cases, I myself prefer to put all the graphical details like the dotted line represents in the caption, plus enough context so that the import of the assignment writing an essay, figure is clear. You are welcome to have your own preferences, but you should be aware of what you are trying to achieve, i.e. whether you want the caption to be readable on its own. Try hard to avoid ambiguous references Conversation is university football leaders replete with ambiguous words like this, these, his, it, they, etc. These words have no meaning in themselves, but in conversation the meaning is usually clear from the context. In written text, however, the intended meaning is quite often not evident to the reader, because there are e.g. Assignment Writing An Essay? many possible interpretations of it and this. It is a good idea to read over anything you write, searching for boston theater football, this sort of word. Help? For each instance, first ask yourself To what specific item does this term refer?.

For such a reference to make sense, the object, person, or concept must have been explicitly mentioned just prior to your reference. Often you will find that it or they refers to something vague that was not even discussed explicitly in your paper, in which case you should reword your text entirely. Even if the university, item to writing which you refer is explicitly mentioned in boston university alumni football your paper, ask yourself whether there is any chance that the reader might not know to writing which of several items you might be referring. E.g. for the word he, were there two or three people being discussed? If so then state the actual name of each; he would be ambiguous. Often an ambiguous this or these can be disambiguated by adding a noun that specifies precisely the type of object or concept to which you are referring. For instance, this argument or this paper is less confusing than simply this. Marco University Of Houston? That is, do not use this followed directly by a verb phrase, but you can use this before a noun phrase, as in this sentence is assignment writing an essay a good example of the use of the word 'this'. Watch out for homonyms Spell checkers are wonderful, but they are absolutely useless for detecting misused homonyms or near-homonyms, i.e., actual words whose meaning is confused with other actual words.

As a result, homonyms are probably the most common spelling errors in word-processed text. Even if you are lazy and prominent university of michigan tours, let the spell checker fix all of assignment your other words, make certain that you know the differences between words like: If you do not know the difference, you must simply avoid using any of these words. Yet because the football, spell checker takes care of all the other words you may misspell, learning to use these few words correctly is surely not much of assignment a burden, and is crucial for convincing your readers that you are competent and trustworthy. Avoid comprise Apparently the word comprise has now been used incorrectly so many times to mean compose that this usage is now becoming acceptable. But it is boston university theater much safer simply to avoid comprise altogether, as anyone who does know what it started out an essay, meaning will be annoyed when you use it to french essay mean compose. But and however are not interchangeable The words but and help an essay, however have similar meanings, but they are not interchangeable. If you take a grammatically correct sentence containing but and replace it with however, or vice versa, the result will almost always be incorrect, mainly because of comma punctuation.

I like oranges, but I do not like tangerines. I like oranges. However, I do not like tangerines. I like oranges; however, I do not like tangerines. I, however, do not like grapefruits. I like oranges however they have been prepared. If you exchange any of these buts and howevers, then the sentences would become incorrect, and in some cases meaningless. A point is a single item The word point can only be used for a single, atomic item.

Thus it is prominent not appropriate to assignment writing discuss a sub-point, part of a point, the first half of a point, etc. Instead use topic or section, etc. A research There is no noun phrase a research in English. Theater Football? Use a study or just research, never a research. Similarly, there is no separate plural form of research; researches is an assignment help, English verb, not a noun. Avoid capitalization When in doubt, use lower case.

Capitalization is appropriate only for american, specific, named, individual items or people. For example, capitalize school subjects only writing an essay when you are referring to a specific course at marco squassina university of houston a specific school: math is a general subject, but Math 301 is a particular course. Similarly: Department of Computer Sciences vs. a computer science department, the president vs. President Bush. When in doubt, use lower case. Avoid contractions Contractions are appropriate only for conversational use and for informal writing, never for technical or formal writing. Hyphenate phrases only when otherwise ambiguous In English phrases (groups of several words forming a unit), hyphens are used to group pairs of words when the meaning might otherwise be ambiguous. Writing? That is, they act like the and barbuda american university, parentheses in a mathematical expression.

They should normally otherwise be avoided unless they are part of a single word (or the dictionary explicitly requires them), i.e., it is a mistake to use a hyphen where the meaning was already clear and unambiguous. For instance, long adjective phrases preceding a noun sometimes include another noun temporarily being used as an adjective. Such phrases can often be parsed several different ways with different meanings. For example, the phrase English language learners as written means language learners from England, because, by default, language modifies learners, and English modifies language learners. But the phrase that was intended was probably English-language learners, i.e. learners of the English language, and using the hyphen helps make that grouping clear. Note that there would never be a hyphen if the same phrase were used after the noun it modifies, because in assignment writing an essay that case there would be absolutely no chance of ambiguity: a learner of the prominent, English language ( NEVER a learner of the English-language; the hyphen effectively turns the noun phrase English language into help writing an adjective, and a prepositional phrase starting with of the university theater, must be completed with a noun, not an adjective). Note that hyphens are used only in adjective phrases; they are not needed after an adverb (and are therefore incorrect). Assignment Help? An adverb explicitly modifies the adjective immediately following it, never a noun. For instance, a quickly dropping stock cannot possibly be mistaken for a quickly dropping-stock, because adverbs like quickly cannot modify a noun phrase like dropping stock, and so quickly clearly must modify dropping. In general, there should never be a hyphen after an antigua and barbuda american university, adverb ending in ly, though hyphens are sometimes necessary after some non-adverbial ly words like early (as in the correct examples an early-rising rooster or an early-rising English-language learner). You may want to search through your finished document for ly-; nearly all examples of those three characters in a row will be mistakes.

In some very complicated phrases, two levels of grouping can be achieved using an help, en dash, i.e. a slightly longer dash than a hyphen. Louisiana State School Electives? For instance, a language-learning--associated problem would be a problem associated with language learning; the hyphen groups language and learning, while the en-dash -- connects language learning with associated. Without hyphens or without the en-dash, the phrase would be quite difficult to read. But in such cases it is assignment help writing an essay often clearer just to reword the sentence to avoid the ambiguity, as in a problem associated with language learning. In cases where the word grouping is quite obvious because the antigua and barbuda american university, pair of words are so often used together, the hyphen can be omitted even when it would strictly be required to avoid ambiguity. For instance chocolate chip cookies is unlikely to be misread as chocolate chip-cookies, despite that being the literal interpretation, and assignment writing, so the hyphen can usually be omitted from chocolate-chip cookies. In general, you should hyphenate a phrase when that particular sentence would otherwise be ambiguous. In any other case, even a nearby sentence containing the same phrase but e.g. after the noun it modifies, you should leave out the hyphen. I.e., the essay, hyphen is not a property of the phrase, but of how you are using the phrase in the sentence. American vs. British English I myself am American by birth, despite lecturing in a British university, and assignment an essay, I use American spellings by default (e.g. organization, not organisation).

Authors are generally free to use whichever spelling they prefer, although publishers will often change the university, spellings to make e.g. all the papers in a certain edited volume use the assignment writing an essay, same conventions. Thus please do not hesitate to use whichever one of the leaders, (correct) spellings you are more comfortable with, as long as you keep it consistent throughout the document. Formatting and grammar rules When in doubt about grammar or page format, researchers in psychology and computer science generally follow the APA style guide; biological fields use similar standards. Unfortunately, you do have to pay for the APA guide, though it is now available in a less-expensive electronic edition. Pay attention to assignment help how your document looks Use readable, clear fonts and of medicine electives, reasonable margins, following the typical format used for similar documents.

If your word processor cannot make the spacing regular between words (e.g. most versions of an essay Microsoft Word), turn off right justification. Poor spacing makes the page look jumbled and seem incoherent, even if the and barbuda american, writing is not. Nearly all formal writing should simply be stapled --- anything else looks unprofessional. For instance, using a fancy cover and binding for a short paper or report is distracting and makes it difficult to photocopy the paper; such binding is necessary only for long papers that a staple would have trouble keeping together. Help An Essay? At the opposite extreme, it should be obvious that folding one corner is prominent university of michigan alumni tours not an acceptable substitute for a staple. Authors are authors, not writers The people who perform a scientific study are called authors, never writers, even though the results are presented in a written paper. Scientific authorship includes much more than the writing an essay, actual writing, and some authors may well not have written any word in the paper. Use last names Never refer to the authors by louisiana university school electives for elementary, their first names, as if they were your friends.

They are not, and even if they were, it would be inappropriate to draw attention to that circumstance. Except in assignment writing unusual cases to avoid ambiguity or to discuss specific people (e.g. the original founders of a field of research), first names are not even mentioned in marco university the body of a scientific text; the last names are sufficient. Author names are keys -- spell them properly In academic writing, an author's last name is assignment writing an essay like the key in a database lookup -- if the name is misspelled (e.g. Davis for Davies), your reader will not be able to locate works by state leaders, that author in assignment help writing an essay the library or online. And Barbuda? Moreover, it is extraordinarily impolite to misspell someone's name when you are discussing them; doing so shows that you have not paid much attention to them or their work.

So you should make a special effort to an essay spell author names correctly, double and triple checking them against the original source, and michigan university division, ensuring that you spell them the same way each time. Use appropriate pronouns Use appropriate pronouns when referring to the authors. Help An Essay? If there are multiple authors, use they or the authors or the authors' last names, not he or the author. If there is state of medicine for elementary only one author and you can determine the gender with great confidence, you may use he or she; otherwise use the help an essay, author or the author's last name. Referring to boston football other texts Use double quotes around the title of an article when you refer to it in the text.

Italics are reserved for books or other works of similar length. Avoid underlining altogether --- underlining is just a way of assignment help writing indicating that handwritten or typewritten text should be typeset in italics, and essay help, is thus inappropriate when italics are available (as they are on help, any modern word processor). Be very precise when discussing an author discussing another author For better or worse, academic writing often devolves into discussions of what one author said about another author. If commenting on such controversies, you should be extremely careful about state university football division leaders, using ambiguous terms like his, the author, etc. Very often your reader will have no idea which of the various authors you are referring to, even though it may be clear to assignment help an essay you. When in antigua and barbuda doubt, use the actual last names instead, even if they might sound repetitive.

Avoid footnotes Footnotes should be used quite sparingly, and should never be used as a way to avoid the hard work of assignment writing an essay making your text flow into a coherent narrative. Only when something genuinely cannot be made to fit into the main flow of the alumni football, text, yet is somehow still so important that it must be mentioned, does it go into help an essay a footnote. Avoid direct quotes In scientific (as opposed to literary or historical) writing, direct quotes should be used only when the precise wording of the boston football, original sentences is important, e.g. Help? if the work is french so groundbreaking that the assignment help an essay, words themselves have driven research in this field. In nearly every other case, paraphrasing is antigua and barbuda american more appropriate, because it lets you formulate the idea in the terms suitable for your particular paper, focusing on the underlying issue rather than the way one author expressed it. Be careful with arguments about grammar If you are going to criticize the grammar or spelling of an assignment help, author in tours writing, you should be extraordinarily careful to verify that you are correct. Reading a long rant from an American about assignment help writing, how a person of British upbringing has supposedly misspelled words like utilisation, or vice versa, can be quite painful. There is no need to mention explicitly reading the paper A lot of louisiana for elementary students use phrases like while reading this paper, I . and In this paper the authors . Assignment Help? . Try to avoid this redundancy.

If you use the louisiana university, word author you need not also use paper, and vice versa. Similarly, it is clear that whatever you discovered about the paper, you discovered while reading the paper; we do not need to be reminded of this. Academic writing is always about papers and authors, and assignment writing an essay, thus those topics should only be discussed when they are relevant. Discussing existing work Whenever you bring up an existing piece of research, whether it is your own or someone else's, there is a standard way of doing it properly. First you say what the research showed, then you say what its limitations are, and then you say how your own work is going to overcome those limitations. I.e., say what has been done, what has not been done, and how you are going to do some of what has not been done. If you are doing a literature review rather than an original research paper, you just describe what you think should be done, rather than what you plan to do. Help? Unless you want to make an enemy, you should always mention something positive about existing work before exploring the limitations, and you should always assume that the person you are discussing will read what you wrote. Of course, sometimes there is a good reason to make an enemy, e.g. to draw attention to yourself by attacking someone famous, but you should be sure to assignment writing choose your enemies wisely.

Discussing proposed work In a research proposal, it is never acceptable to announce only that you are planning to study topic X. In the context of french help research, studying is a vague and unbounded task, with no criterion for success and no way to tell if you are getting anywhere. Help Writing An Essay? Studying is something you do in a course, where someone can tell you what to focus on michigan university division, and can test you to see if you got the right answer; research is assignment an essay not like that. In research, you need to division leaders spell out the specific questions you are going to try to answer, the specific phenomena that need explanations, and assignment an essay, so on -- it's up to marco squassina university of houston you to define the question and the methods, and until you've done so, it's not research, just idle speculation. Discussion/future work In the discussion sections of a research paper, be sure to discuss all topics that the audience expected to see in the paper, even if you yourself do not believe them to be relevant. The reader is more likely to assignment help writing an essay assume that you have been sloppy about your literature review than to assume you knew about the and barbuda american university, work but believed it not to be relevant. Page restrictions can help here --- they provide a good excuse for omitting topics that you do not believe to be relevant.

In a longer article or thesis without page limits you have no choice but to help writing an essay address the essay help, issue and explicitly state why the topic is writing an essay not relevant despite the common belief that it is. Bibliographies Students often seem to think that bibliographies are mysterious, tricky things with rules far too complex to understand or remember. Although there is a vast array of different bibliographic formats, the underlying principles are actually not complicated at all. Simply put, all bibliographies must have a certain basic minimum standard of information in order to fulfill their function of allowing people to locate the specific item of reference material you cite. Boston University Alumni Football? In particular, every bibliography entry needs an author, date, and an essay, title, every journal article absolutely must have a volume and page numbers, and every conference paper must have the title of the university theater, conference proceedings, the page numbers, and some indication of who published it. Without having every bit of this basic information, there is no way to be sure that readers can find the an essay, one specific article that you are discussing. Conversely, you should not include anything not necessary or useful for locating the article, such as the cost of reprints. University For Elementary? As long as the correct information is included, there are many acceptable bibliography formats, though note that in help writing an essay all cases each entry ends in marco squassina a period. Citations The bibliography or reference list in an academic paper must consist of precisely those sources that you cite in the text, without any extra sources and without omitting any. Each citation must provide enough information for assignment an essay, the reader to find the correct source in the bibliography; beyond that, any number of citation formats will do unless there is some specific standard you are told to follow.

One common approach is to use author-date citations like (Smith, Wu, and Tong 2008), but other approaches such as numbering the squassina of houston, bibliography entries and then using bracketed or superscript numbers are also fine. If using numeric citations with brackets, note that there must always be a space before the help writing, first bracket, as in . known [1], ( not . French? known[1]). If using author-date citations, you must remember that any item in parentheses does not exist , as far as the grammar of the assignment help an essay, sentence is concerned, and thus it cannot be used as part of the antigua university, sentence. Thus the rule is simply to put the parentheses around the part that would be acceptable to omit when reading aloud, as in assignment help an essay Carlin (1972) showed that. Squassina University Of Houston? or . as seen in rats (Carlin 1972). ( not (Carlin 1972) showed that. and not . as seen in rats Carlin (1972).). It is usually best to assignment help writing have only a single level of parentheses, because multiple parentheses start to distract from the louisiana state school of medicine electives for elementary, main text. Thus I would prefer has been established (but for a counterexample see Johnson, 1905) to has been established (but for a counterexample see Johnson (1905)). I and we Writing standards disagree about whether to use I and assignment writing an essay, we (and their various forms) in academic work. Some argue that those personal pronouns distract from what should be objective and antigua and barbuda american university, scientifically valid without recourse to any particular speaker, or even that they just do not sound scientific. Others argue that omitting I and we results in awkward, passive sentences rather than direct We did X sentences.

Personally, I believe that academic writing should use personal pronouns whenever what is being reported was an arbitrary and specific choice made by assignment help writing an essay, a human being, or for opinions or personal judgment, precisely because these pronouns emphasize that a human was involved in michigan university football leaders the work. When reporting universal scientific facts or observations, I would not use personal pronouns, because any reasonable observer would have reported similar results and thus there is no need to emphasize the assignment help, role of the authors. Thus, personally, I believe that I and we have their place in academic writing, i.e., to emphasize the human element where appropriate; in other circumstances I would discourage their use. Please note that I happen to disagree with a few of the rules commonly accepted for English text, and in the text on this page I happily use my own rules instead. And Barbuda University? You might wish to follow the an essay, accepted usage in prominent university alumni tours such cases, though I would much rather everyone used my own much better rules as listed below. Assignment An Essay? If you do agree to join my one-man campaign to fix the university, English language, I cannot accept any responsibility for points deducted by less enlightened folks. :-) Punctuation after quotations In American English (and in help writing an essay some cases for British English), punctuation following a bit of boston alumni quoted text is traditionally placed inside the assignment writing an essay, quotation.

However, I consider that rule an egregious violation of the state school electives for elementary, whole notion of quotation, i.e. an obvious bug in help writing an essay the English language. For example, if I am quoting someone who said that life is hard, I always put the comma outside the quotation mark because they themselves did not necessarily have a pause when they said it; in fact, they probably had a full stop (which would be written as a period). Accepted American usage is to write life is hard, but the boston university theater, computer programmer in me just cannot be convinced to make such an obvious semantic error. Spaces around dashes An em-dash is a long dash, longer than an help writing, en-dash and a hyphen. The traditional formatting for marco of houston, an em-dash does not use any spaces, as in life is hard---then you die. An Essay? However, I myself much prefer to put a space before and boston theater alumni football, after the dash. Without the spaces the dash appears to be connecting two words like hard---then, which makes no grammatical sense. Grammatically, the function of the dash is to separate and connect phrases or clauses, not words, and I prefer to an essay make that visually clear by marco university of houston, putting spaces around the dash.

Again, in my opinion the assignment writing, accepted usage is a bug in the language. Dangling prepositions Officially, it is an error to end a sentence with a preposition, as in they arrived at the place they were heading to. However, in practice it is often very difficult and antigua and barbuda american university, awkward to reword sentences to avoid dangling prepositions. Thus I consider this rule to an essay be optional at best. Serial commas In Britain and some other less-enlightened countries, the comma is antigua and barbuda american university often omitted before an 'and' in a list.

For instance, they will write of assignment help an essay ham, chips and eggs, rather than ham, chips, and eggs. Prominent University Of Michigan Alumni Tours? I consider this an appalling, confusing construction, because it meaninglessly groups the last two items in the list together. Assignment Help An Essay? Lists are generally meant to be collections of equals, so there should be just as many separators between chips and eggs as between ham and chips. Boston Alumni? In many cases, omitting the help writing an essay, serial comma is ambiguous. Moreover, in the very rare case where adding the comma is ambiguous, the sentence should be rewritten anyway. Oxford University Press, at least, agrees with me; see the Wikipedia serial comma entry. Again, this insistence on using appropriate syntax is probably driven by state electives, the computer programmer in me, but I think all right-thinking people should be offended whenever a serial comma is omitted. Commas after i.e. and e.g. Many grammar books state that a comma is always required after i.e. and e.g. Assignment An Essay? used in a sentence, as in sentences often contain spelling errors, i.e., words spelled incorrectly. Prominent University Of Michigan Tours? The inspiration for this rule is assignment help writing that such abbreviations should be mentally expanded to the English translation of the Latin phrase for prominent tours, which they stand (i.e. translating to that is, and e.g. translating to for example, which in itself is an important distinction to know).

However, these terms come up very often in formal writing, and in many cases I consider it inappropriate to add symbolic pauses (i.e. commas) around them. Such pauses break up the flow of the sentence, and assignment writing an essay, modern readers treat the abbreviations just as they would any other word, without internally translating them to Latin phrases and then English phrases. French? Thus in assignment help writing an essay many cases I prefer to omit the comma after the abbreviation, and sometimes also the one before it. Some people, even more pedantic than I, disagree. This document is in the public domain. You are free to copy it, redistribute it, modify it, or use it for any other non-fraudulent purpose.

If redistributing a complete copy or a lengthy excerpt, please (1) retain this notice, (2) clearly mark the original author, and french, (3) clearly mark any changes that you make as your own and not those of the help, original author.

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an essay example The remainder of this essay writing tutorial is based on a short sample #039;divorce essay#039; (about 1,000 words). To complete all of the assignment help writing an essay associated tasks, it is easiest if you have the sample essay in front of you. A major change that has occurred in the Western family is an increased incidence in divorce. Whereas in the past, divorce was a relatively rare occurrence, in recent times it has become quite commonplace. This change is borne out clearly in census figures. Marco Squassina University Of Houston. For example thirty years ago in Australia, only one marriage in ten ended in divorce; nowadays the figure is more than one in three (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 1996: p.45). A consequence of this change has been a substantial increase in the number of single parent families and the attendant problems that this brings (Kilmartin, 1997).

An important issue for sociologists, and indeed for all of society, is why these changes in marital patterns have occurred. In this essay I will seek to critically examine a number of sociological explanations for the #039;divorce phenomenon#039; and assignment writing an essay also consider the marco squassina university of houston social policy implications that each explanation carries with it. It will be argued that the best explanations are to be found within a broad socio-economic framework. One type of explanation for rising divorce has focused on changes in help an essay, laws relating to marriage. For example, Bilton, Bonnett and Jones (1987) argue that increased rates of and barbuda, divorce do not necessarily indicate that families are now more unstable.

It is help possible, they claim, that there has always been a degree of marital instability. They suggest that changes in the law have been significant, because they have provided unhappily married couples with #039;access to a legal solution to pre-existent marital problems#039; (p.301). Bilton et al. therefore believe that changes in divorce rates can be best explained in terms of changes in the legal system. The problem with this type of explanation however, is that it does not consider why these laws have changed in louisiana state university for elementary, the first place. It could be argued that reforms to family law, as well as the increased rate of writing an essay, divorce that has accompanied them, are the product of squassina, more fundamental changes in society. Another type of help writing an essay, explanation is one that focuses precisely on these broad societal changes. For example, Nicky Hart (cited in Haralambos, 1995) argues that increases in divorce and marital breakdown are the result of economic changes that have affected the family. Antigua University. One example of these changes is the raised material aspirations of families, which Hart suggests has put pressure on both spouses to become wage earners. Women as a result have been forced to become both homemakers and economic providers. Assignment. According to Hart, the contradiction of these two roles has lead to conflict and this is the main cause of theater football, marital breakdown. It would appear that Hart#039;s explanation cannot account for all cases of divorce - for example, marital breakdown is assignment liable to essay occur in families where only the husband is working.

Nevertheless, her approach, which is to relate changes in family relations to broader social forces, would seem to be more probing than one that looks only at legislative change. The two explanations described above have very different implications for social policy, especially in relation to writing how the problem of increasing marital instability might be dealt with. Bilton et al. (1995) offer a legal explanation and hence would see the solutions also being determined in university football leaders, this domain. If rises in divorce are thought to be the consequence of liberal divorce laws, the obvious way to stem this rise is to writing make them less obtainable. This approach, one imagines, would lead to a reduction in divorce statistics; however, it cannot really be held up as a genuine solution to the problems of marital stress and breakdown in society. Indeed it would seem to be a solution directed more at symptoms than addressing fundamental causes. Furthermore, the experience of social workers, working in the area of prominent of michigan alumni tours, family welfare suggests that restricting a couple#039;s access to divorce would in assignment help an essay, some cases serve only to exacerbate existing marital problems (Johnson, 1981). In those cases where violence is involved, the consequences could be tragic. Apart from all this, returning to more restrictive divorce laws seems to be a solution little favoured by Australians. (Harrison, 1990).

Hart (cited in louisiana state university school, Haralambos, 1995), writing from a Marxist-feminist position, traces marital conflict to changes in the capitalist economic system and their resultant effect on the roles of men and women. It is difficult to assignment help writing know however, how such an analysis might be translated into practical social policies. This is of houston because the Hart program would appear to help writing an essay require in the first place a radical restructuring of the economic system. Whilst this may be desirable for some, it is not achievable in prominent university alumni, the present political climate. Assignment Writing An Essay. Hart is right however, to suggest that much marital conflict can be linked in some way to the economic circumstances of families. This is borne out in many statistical surveys which show consistently that rates of divorce are higher among socially disadvantaged families (McDonald, 1993). This situation suggests then that social policies need to be geared to providing support and security for these types of university football, families. It is little cause for optimism however, that in recent years governments of writing, all persuasions have shown an increasing reluctance to fund social welfare programs of this kind.

It is difficult to offer a comprehensive explanation for the growing trend of marital breakdown; and it is even more difficult to find solutions that might ameliorate the problems created by it. Clearly though, as I have argued in this essay, the most useful answers are to be found not within a narrow legal framework, but within a broader socio-economic one. School Of Medicine Electives For Elementary. Finally, it is assignment an essay worth pointing out that, whilst we may appear to be living in tours, a time of increased family instability, research suggests that historically, instability may have been the norm rather than the exception. As Bell and Zajdow (1997) point out, in the past, single parent and step families were more common than is assumed - although the disruptive influence then was not divorce, but the premature death of one or both parents. This situation suggests that in help an essay, studying the modern family, one needs to employ a historical perspective, including the possibility of looking to the past in searching for ways of dealing with problems in antigua american university, the present. Australian Bureau of Statistics (1996). Divorces, Australia . Canberra: Australian Government Printing Service.

Bell, R. and G. Zajdow (1997) Family and household. In R. Jureidini, S. Kenny and M. Poole (eds). Sociology: Australian Connections . St Leonards. NSW: Allen and Unwin. Bilton, T., K. Bonnett and P. Jones (1987). Introductory Sociology , 2nd edition. London: MacMillan. Haralambos, M. (1995).

Sociology: Themes and Perspectives , 3rd edition. London: Bell and assignment help an essay Hyman. Louisiana University School Electives. Harrison, M. (1995). Grounds for divorce. Family Matters . No 42 pp 34-35. Johnson, V. (1981).

The Last Resort: A Women#039;s Refuge . Ringwood: Penguin. Kilmartin, C. (1997). Assignment An Essay. Children divorce and marco university of houston one-parent families. Help. Family Matters . No. 48. ( Available On-line ) McDonald, P. (1993).

Family Trends and essay Structure in Australia . Australian Family Briefings No 3. Melbourne: Australian Institute of Family Studies. Problems? Questions? Comments? Please provide us feedback.

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Technology/ Ibm Company term paper 18044. I. Current Situation (1991-1993) 1. History of IBM: IBM is a multinational corporation that started its activities in assignment help, 1911. But its origins can be traced back to 1890, during the height of the essay Industrial Revolution. It was first known as the Computing-Recording Company, then in help writing, 1924, it took the name of International Business Machines. Nowadays, this multinational company is antigua, known as the « Big Blue ».

2. Assignment Help An Essay! Mission statement. IBM main activity is to find solutions to boston university theater alumni football its wide range of clients using advanced information technology. Its clients are individual users, specialised businesses, and institutions such as government, science, defence, spatial and educational organisations. To meet and writing an essay, respond to its customers needs, IBM creates, develops and manufactures many of the and barbuda university world’s most advanced technologies, ranging from computer systems and help writing, software to networking systems, storage devices and microelectronics. Indeed, IBM has various product lines and services a few of which are: the Personal Computer that was first created in 1981, AS/400 business system, RS/6000 family of workstations and server systems, S/390 enterprise server, groundbreaking ThinkPad notebook computer; the award-winning IBM Netfinity and finally, PC Servers. It is an important supplier of hard disks, random access memories, and liquid crystal monitors. IBM has created the image “Solutions for a Little World”. Its products and state of medicine electives for elementary, components in help writing an essay, other firm’s products are so widespread that people around the world associate the name IBM with computing functions. IBM is a global information system and and barbuda, computing company.

It is organized in assignment writing, 5 worldwide regions, and the following business units: 1. Application Business Systems. 2. Application Solutions. 3. Michigan State! Enterprise Systems. 4. Networking Systems. 5. Pennant Systems Company. 6. Assignment Writing An Essay! Personal Systems. 7. Programming Systems.

8. Theater Football! Storage Products. 9. Technology Products. 4. Past and current performance: For many years, IBM succeeded in holding a very good market position. In fact, the company achieved a very high market share and huge profits. However, this situation did not last forever. In 1990, IBM experienced its first quarterly loss of $2billion due to some unexpected accounting charges. However, revenues increased from $62.7 billion in the previous year to $96 billion. In 1991, the company faced a net loss of $2.83 billion that was mainly due to writing downsizing and restructuring costs. In addition, total hardware sales were down by 16%. State Football Division! The years 1992 and assignment help writing an essay, 1993 knew a slight increase in revenues that reached $13.4 billion and boston university alumni, a net loss of $399 million that changed to a net profit of $392 million in the first quarter of 1994.

5. Industry trends: IBM’s old belief was that personal computers are a vital part of their overall strategy to help writing an essay link personal computers, minicomputers, and mainframes, their preferred product in this line. University Alumni! It was not quick in assignment writing an essay, adapting this belief to the new reality and importance of the PC potential, so during the state university of medicine electives for elementary 1980s and early 1990s, IBM was thrown into turmoil by back-to-back revolutions in the trends of the computer industry. The PC revolution placed computers directly in help writing, the hands of millions of people, and then, the client/server revolution sought to link all of those PCs (the clients) with larger computers that labored in the background (the servers that served data and applications to client machines). Both revolutions transformed the way customers viewed, used and louisiana state university school of medicine electives for elementary, bought technology, and both fundamentally rocked IBM. 6. Tactics at IBM were as follows: Marketing at IBM has often been based on recycling and updating older proprietary systems architectures in which it had a vested interest.

It was a product rather than consumer oriented strategy. #61650; IBM has made modest moves towards more industry specific approaches to problem solutions in an effort to better meet customer needs. #61650; 1988 attempt to restructure decision making from help writing HQ to french 6 group executives failed. #61650; Due to its size, IBM makes sure that when introducing a project, worldwide capacity is available to manufacture it, and assignment help writing, those foreign manufacturing requirements are met. 7. 1991-1993 CEO Akers undertook a major overhaul of university leaders IBM: he believed the problem was high centralization, so he followed a decentralizing strategy that would greatly reduce employee levels. Layoffs were as follows: 1991 20,000, 1992 20,000. Assignment Help Writing! Although a $3 billion charge was made against 4th quarter earnings, IBM expected savings of $1 billion in 1992, followed by louisiana state school electives for elementary $2 billion in later years. a- Accelerate product deliveries. b- To avoid or minimize costly delays and assignment, disruptions IBM would have to completely separate its units into distinct independent divisions with greater control over state of medicine electives for elementary, development strategies, including financial independence.

IBM HQ would become a holding company with 6 autonomous divisions reporting to senior vice presidents. Divisions are to help writing present annual plans to executive committee, set goals for return on investment, share in profits, issue stocks in some cases. Each individual unit to report its results separately thus allowing managers to gain responsibility for controlling costs and developing competitive product marketing strategies. University Of Houston! Emphasis to be placed on help an essay return on invested capital. Executive pay to be tied to unit profits. c- Encourage 3d party relationships. e- Reduce product prices to squassina of houston match competitor prices. For example, IBM’s lap top model costs about help, $2,500 more than Dell or AST models. 8. Gerstner’s strategy is to maintain IBM’s broadness to take advantage of consumer confusion in the market. Consumers will recognize IBM’s name in different products and purchase it.

This will keep costs high however because the different units need to stay coordinated. According to him, IBM’s challenge is to develop good working relations across the squassina university of houston various operating units. It doesn’t need an overall vision but a series of tough minded, market driven strategies for each of its businesses. Balancing shareholder needs of higher margins with customer needs of lower margin open system products. Gerstner brought with him a customer-oriented sensibility and the strategic-thinking. He tried to rebuild IBM's product line, to reduce the workforce and to make significant cost reductions. Despite mounting pressure to split IBM into separate, independent companies, Gerstner decided to writing keep the and barbuda company together. He recognized that one of IBM's enduring strengths was its ability to provide integrated solutions for help an essay, customers -- someone to represent more than piece parts or components. Splitting the company would have destroyed a unique IBM advantage. II.

SWOT analysis: 1.1. State School Of Medicine Electives For Elementary! E-business: the use of the Internet is help writing an essay, rapidly becoming an important distribution method for multinational companies, and a source of products for businesses and consumers. it is a way of marco squassina university of houston doing business electronically using new concepts. Assignment Help Writing! By emphasizing on marketing this kind of operations, IBM will increase its presence in world operations, by making easier for prominent alumni tours, a company to trade with another one, without any physical contact. 1.2. Strategic alliances: three days ago, IBM announced its alliance with a huge IT company, DELL. This constitutes an assignment writing, opportunity for michigan state university division, IBM to become stronger and acquire new knowledge. This part will be discussed later in writing, the presentation. 1.3.As a third point, it seems that IBM should change its image among customers: when you think of IBM, the first image that comes to you is that of a computer, whereas IBM manufactures much more products: servers, mainframes, supercomputers, Internet services, and so on. Therefore, a good opportunity for the Big Blue would be to change this conception and make its diversified range of products better known.

There must be more advertising made about the other products in theater football, order to make people aware of IBM diversity. 2.1.IBM most important competition is assignment help an essay, not within the mainframe market, but outside it, in the increasing range of other machines that can do much of what a mainframe does. #61664; Indeed, throughout the first half of the 1990s, the apparition of very small PCs attacked and reduced demand for mainframes, and this drove IBM almost to bankruptcy. However, the company responded by slashing prices and developing new mainframes that shared many of marco squassina of houston their components (such as memory) with PCs, thus benefiting from the PC industry's economies of assignment help scale. 2.2.It seems that customers are beginning to buy products from different companies, due to a decrease in the confidence put in michigan university, one single company.

Their belief is that if their hardware come from different manufacturers, they will have a more open system, and diversified configurations. However, this trend leads to problems of compatibility among the different products. IBM is now trying to discourage customers from switching to other suppliers, by striving to improve the connectability of its computers. 2.3.Y2K: the Y2K issue arises because many computer hardware and software systems use only two digits to represent the year. As a result, these systems may not process dates beyond 1999, which may cause errors in information or system failures. According to its CEO, IBM is considered to be Y2K ready. However, the Y2K readiness of the company's customers varies, and the company continues actively to encourage its customers to prepare their own systems.

While this behavior may increase demand for certain of IBM products, it could also soften demand for other offerings or change customer buying practices from assignment writing an essay past trends. #61664; while IBM continues to michigan state university football division leaders believe that the Y2K matters discussed above will not have a material impact on its business, financial condition or results of operations, it remains uncertain whether or to what extent the company may be affected. 1.1 IBM is the largest IT company in the world: #61656; It has 240,600 employees. #61656; It has commercial activities in an essay, 164 countries. #61656; It is the 6th company ranked in Fortune magazine. 1.2. Education and training are key factors in providing IBM partners with the necessary skills to sell and support IBM software products. The delivery of this education can be done through many formats, from traditional classroom settings to seminars and satellite broadcasts. IBM provides education and certifications on both IBM software products and other software technologies. 1.3 Industry knowledge: before launching any product, IBM managers completely understand the industry organization, key contacts, strategies and offerings, in order to be fully integrated in the organization.

1.4 IBM marketing approach consists of division leaders analyzing market and competition, performing segmentation and assignment writing an essay, developing plans and solutions that respond to End User/market needs and competitive trends, and finally differentiating IBM/Business Partner solutions in the marketplace. 1.5 IBM have at its customers’ disposal consultants that will advise them if they want to buy new material or change their equipment. IBM employees do their best to satisfy the client and to understand his/her needs. 1.6 Helping businesses optimize their IT infrastructure. A Total Systems Management (TSM) solution leverages IBM skills, services and systems expertise to help customers increase the business value of french their IT solutions.

#61664; TSM brings IBM Global Services systems management experts together with a customer's IT executives to assess the customer's information technology environment against its business goals and identify the help writing an essay key IT areas that are critical to achieving those objectives. IBM develops a customized services solution to enhance the boston theater alumni football customer's system-wide operations and enable its IT infrastructure to better support its business goals, such as e-business. 1.7 All IBM interfaces, going from PC servers to supercomputers can be connected to assignment writing an essay Internet. 1.8 Teamwork: watch the video cassette. 2.1 Gerstner, the new IBM CEO, focused on forming both a decentralized and interlinked company.

Therefore, it was difficult to counter the strong competition IBM divisions are facing from antigua and barbuda american university meaner rivals. 2.2. There is a slow pace of writing an essay product introductions due to slow market researches: one of the state school of medicine electives most difficult challenges of IT markets is an essay, that products must be updated in a regular and very frequent basis. Help! As you may have already noticed, a brand new computer will lead the market for only 5 to 6 months. That's why researchers must continually look for new technologies to apply to their products. However, the research process at IBM takes too much time, and assignment help writing, this costs huge amounts of money, leading to a higher price than that of competitors, and finally to decrease in sales. 2.3.IBM uses a shotgun approach, meaning that products are launched in the market without any previous information.

This can be perceived as a weakness since it would be preferable to make people know about the evolution of IBM technology. Customers need to know what is to be expected from IBM. 3.1.One of the main characteristics and weakness of university school IBM marketing approach is that it is based on updating and recycling older systems architectures. Instead of creating a 100% new product, the company chooses some obsolete products and assignment writing, try to upgrade them. This shows that there is a lack of communication and understanding between IBM and its customers, since there is no or little interest in what are the real needs.

It is just with the arrival of university of michigan tours Gerstner that this marketing approach changed, when he ordered 25 executives to meet customers. 4.1.IBM maintains an assignment help writing, effective internal control structure that consists of: #61656; Organizational arrangements with clearly defined lines of responsibility and antigua and barbuda american university, delegation of authority. #61656; Comprehensive systems and assignment writing an essay, control procedures. #61664; the objective of this structure is to provide reasonable assurance that transactions are executed in accordance with management authorization, and that they are appropriately recorded, in order to permit preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles and to adequately safeguard, verify and maintain accountability of assets. 5.1. Essay! To assure the effective administration of internal control, IBM carefully selects and train its employees, develops and disseminates written policies and assignment writing, procedures, and provides appropriate communication channels.

5.2.To compete and french essay help, win the global marketplace, IBM needs to attract and retain talented and motivated professionals from practically every country, community and background. IBM provides a cash compensation opportunity that will attract, retain and motivate high performing employees. Their pay will be strongly influenced by the results obtained by each one of assignment help them. 5.3 Among other benefits: medical, dental and vision benefits; income protection; work and personal life balancing; stock purchase; IBM club, etc.. 6.1.The Audit Committee of the Board of Directors is composed solely of outside directors. It recommends to the Board the independent firm that will conduct the company's auditing. Boston Football! The Audit Committee meets periodically and privately with the independent accountants, as well as with IBM managers to review accounting, auditing, internal control structure and financial reporting matters. Usually, IBM is an essay, helped by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP to review the whole internal structure of the company and to test its accounting procedures. 6.2.With this approach, neutrality and objectivity are respected, so IBM managers are sure that the michigan state results obtained are not influenced by assignment inside auditors. 7.Porter’s competition model.

1. University Tours! The computer industry is still young and help, expanding, so there is a big threat from potential new entrants. 2. The industry is competitive, so IBM has to satisfy both industrial buyers and consumers. 3. IBM faces high threats from substitute products because computer products have a short lifecycle. PC networks are replacing mainframes. 4. There are increasing numbers of competitors in the industry spurring both price competition, and product innovation. III. Strategic Alternatives. 1. Outsourcing can be one good solution for IBM to prominent university tours cut its costs so that it can sell at help an essay a competitive price. The hardware can be manufactured where there is cheap labor and equipment for instance.

2. IBM could give more importance to the PC market since PCs are smaller, more efficient, and can do the same jobs as mainframes. 3. The company has to look for a new marketing strategy to enter its products at louisiana university of medicine the right place and time and better meet its customers’ needs. Use heavy and direct marketing. 4. One important way of reducing costs and be better prepared for the future is to make strategic alliances, thus, building sustainable competitive advantages. 5. The internal culture should be changed. Writing! Give more importance to team work. IV. Strategic Recommendations.

1. Even if it is michigan state university leaders, currently one of the help leaders in the computer industry, IBM should prepare itself for the future especially for the high competitiveness that engulfs the industry. For instance, very known competitors, such as Compaq, are increasingly doing well and can easily surpass IBM if it defaults on meeting customers’ demands and boston university theater alumni football, being innovative by having a truly sophisticated RD. In fact, IBM should try to provide integrated system solutions to customers not only to ease the way of using them but also to ease the life of assignment an essay its customers. 2. One of IBM’s problems is the operational conflict between its units, especially between the french essay help Personal Systems Unit, which produces PCs and workstations for one market, and the other units that provide integrated package solutions for a different market. The conflict in assignment help writing, this case is university, due to the Personal Systems unit’s two functions: #61656; Selling products to writing an essay the individuals market. #61656; Providing other units with products that are to be used as components in integrated package solutions to be sold to organizations. The Personal Systems market is very competitive with many PC producers getting their product on the market fast. An autonomy strategy would benefit the Personal Systems unit, which would be able to focus on its sales without losing time in coordinating with the other units. On the other hand, the other units would suffer under this strategy because they would lose a supplier of made to specification components. Our strategic recommendation is essay, that the units should operate as separate businesses, coordinating only assignment help writing, when the performance of the individual units will not suffer.

The Personal Systems unit produces standard products for an enormous market, so they should not waste time in michigan state division leaders, adapting to the other units. When the other units require components they should buy them from Personal Systems. If these components are incompatible, they should adapt their package system or outsource (out of IBM) the components. The personal systems industry is very competitive because it is simple compared to integrated solutions, services, and products, with lower and decreasing margins. IBM will outsource low margin products and assignment help writing an essay, keep high margin integrated products in house. 3. IBM should further integrate the separate systems of its different vendors in order to have satisfied customers. 4. IBM employees are experts in products, so they should strengthen ties with firms specialized in applications. V. IBM vision and university football, strategy of assignment an essay growth today:

1. Today’s mission statement: “We create, develop and manufacture the industry's most advanced information technologies, including computer systems, software, networking systems, storage devices and microelectronics.” It has two fundamental missions: #61656; Strive to lead in the creation, development and manufacture of the most advanced information technologies. #61656; Translate advanced technologies into value for marco, its customers as the world's largest information services company. IBM professionals worldwide provide expertise within specific industries, consulting services, systems integration and solution development and technical support. 2. Today’s objectives: 1) Build marketing for IBM middleware on NT with its channel partners. 2) Be the leader in market share by 1998 on help an essay the NT platform. 3. Today’s strategy: #61656; Continue to deliver solutions. -IBM and partners.

#61656; Continue to squassina university deliver best of breed product. -IBM and help an essay, partners. #61656; Maniacal focus on prominent of michigan alumni customer satisfaction. 3.1) IBM’s strategy of acquisitions. In 1995, IBM acquired Lotus Development Corp., and the next year acquired Tivoli Systems Inc. Services became the fastest growing segment of the company, with growth at writing more than 20 percent per boston university theater football year. 3.2) IBM Technologies, whose role is supplying advanced technologies, is currently looking for assignment help an essay, computer producers with whom it can form alliances. IBM and Dell were in discussions since June 1998 and the result is a strategic agreement worth $16.6 billion over 7 years for IBM. Under this deal they will share their competencies and technologies, and michigan state university football, cooperate in developing future technologies.

Dell will acquire IBM components for its computers, and database, network, and microelectronic technologies, and they will exchange a large array of licenses. Further areas of writing cooperation will follow. State School Of Medicine! Dell’s general director says that a company can’t do everything alone. Dell’s share of the US market for assignment an essay, servers jumped 95% in 1998 to 5.6%, making it the 5th. IBM is boston university theater alumni, 1st with 30.5%. 3.3) In May 1997, IBM dramatically demonstrated computing potential with Deep Blue, a 32-node IBM RS/6000 SP computer programmed to play chess on a world class level. Assignment An Essay! Deep Blue defeated Garry Kasparov. World Chess champion. 3.4) In October 1998, IBM has created a division that could take advantage of essay help opportunities for growth in the sale and service of guiding technologies, and would develop its relations with computer producers. 4. Today’s vision:

Nowadays, IBM’s CEO states it clear that the net is the future. The net has changed the way business is done and provides a great network of communication. Help Writing! According to Gerstner the net is “a vocational medium-a place where real work gets done, real competitive advantage is gained, and real growth is generated. Squassina University! “ Indeed, with the Internet a company can increase its sales and profits. It can enhance communication between employees and thus provide a better internal environment. More than that, it can strengthen employees-customers relationships and better meet customers’ needs. It also provides a fast and efficient way of doing business between partners in a supply chain. E-business can also provide an environment of customizable communications through which you better serve customer needs and reflect a good product image. That’s why IBM is getting more involved in e-business. For 1996 the top computer companies in the world were ranked: VI.

IBM in Morocco: In 1939, IBM France launched in Morocco the first agency in Africa. Morocco was chosen because it represents an open door to Africa. IBM MAROC employs 85 employees and has almost 500 clients (ministries, banks, insurance companies, Al Akhawayn University, etc..). Writing! The main activities of university football division leaders IBM MAROC are to assignment help an essay meet all customers' needs, to provide high quality tools, and to create a structure that will guarantee high quality maintenance services. IBM has two important strategies, which are: #61664; direct marketing: it means selling directly to the consumer through the mail, by telephone, or door-to-door. By having direct contact with the marco of houston customer, the company knows what are the needs, the preferences, and then can effectively choose the kind of assignment writing an essay products it will sell in the Moroccan market.

#61664; Commercial partnership: IBM has 22 commercial partners that sell its products in many different regions in Morocco. Thus, IBM MAROC is not obliged to create agencies in many cities, rather, its products are sold with other firms' articles, which increases the state school electives for elementary competition. Word Count: 3727. Our writers are all Uni graduates able to assignment an essay work effectively on any level under time constraints. Well-versed in most subjects and antigua and barbuda, citation styles, our writers have years of ghostwriting experience doing both academic and professional projects. Every paper is written from scratch based on your instructions and assignment help writing, there is no plagiarism of any kind. Plus, we guarantee free unlimited revisions. You will enjoy direct contact with the writer throughout the entire process and will receive the paper by e-mail/download.

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competence essay All online transactions are done using all major Credit Cards or Electronic Check through either PayPal™ or Moneybookers™. These are safe, secure, and writing, efficient ways to make payment online. Purnell’s Theory for Cultural Competence. Description of the Theory.

The Purnell Theory for Cultural Competence began as an organizing framework during 1991 when the squassina university of houston author, Purnell Larry, was lecturing undergraduate students and identified the need for help an essay staffs and students to of michigan tours, have a framework through which they could learn about the cultures of their patients including their families as well as their own cultures. Basing on help writing, comments on marco, comments from students, Purnell was convinced that cultural competence and ethnocentric behavior was inexistent. As a result, the Purnell Model for Cultural Competence was developed as an organizing framework having precise questions and a format that could be used to assess culture in clinical practice settings. All healthcare disciplines place an emphasis on writing an essay, communication as well as the need to know the ethno-cultural beliefs of patients. After its initial development, meta-paradigm and schematic concepts and cultural competence scale were incorporated in the model. The major assumptions of the Purnell’s model for marco squassina of houston cultural competence draw on a broader perspective, which implies that they are applicable in all environmental contexts and practice disciplines. In this regard, a healthcare provider who is cultural competent tends to be aware of help writing an essay, his/her thoughts, existence, environment and sensations and does not let these factors influence the patient receiving care. Cultural competence entails adapting care in state football a way that it is consistent with the patient’s culture.

The following are the major assumptions of the Purnell’s model for cultural competence: All healthcare disciplines require the assignment an essay same information regarding cultural diversity. All healthcare disciplines make use of the same meta-paradigm concepts of university, health, person, family, community and the global society. There is assignment writing, no culture that is better than the other; instead, they are merely different. There are core similarities across all cultures. University! There are differences within, between and among cultures. Cultures are subject to change gradually in a society that is stable; The level to which a culture differs from the an essay dominant culture is determined by university the secondary and primary characteristics of culture. If patients are co-participants in health care and are given the choice in selecting health-related interventions, plans and goals, then, there will be an improvement in health outcomes. Culture exerts a significant impact on help writing, a person’s interpretation of healthcare and how he/she responds to care. Families and individuals fit in numerous cultural groups. Marco Squassina University Of Houston! Each person deserves to be respected for his/her cultural heritage and assignment writing, uniqueness.

Caregivers require both specific and general cultural information in order to offer care that is both culturally competent and sensitive. Marco Squassina University! Assessments, plans and interventions that are culturally competent tend to assignment help writing an essay, improve patients’ care. Learning cultures is a continuing process that can be achieved in numerous ways but mainly via cultural encounters; Biases and state electives for elementary, prejudices can be lessened through cultural understanding. Effectiveness of care can be improved through reflecting on distinctive understanding of the life ways, beliefs, and values of individual acculturation patterns and diverse populations. Cultural and racial differences need the adaptations of the standard interventions. Cultural awareness tends to improve the self-awareness of the caregiver.

Associations, organizations and professions have their individual cultures that can be evaluated using a grand nursing theory. The Purnell’s model for assignment writing an essay cultural competence draws upon several theories and a research base of family development, communication, administrative and organizational theories including other disciplines such as linguistics, economics, history, religion, pharmacology, nutrition ecology, biology, physiology and anatomy, psychology and sociology. The primary characteristics of culture comprise of concepts such as religious affiliation, age, gender, color, race and nationality whereas the essay secondary characteristics of culture comprises of concepts such as occupation, socioeconomic status, sexual orientation, political beliefs, military experience, parental and assignment help writing an essay, marital status and physical characteristics among others. The schematic that is used to depict the Purnell’s model for cultural competence (figure 1 below) consists of a circle having an boston university theater alumni, outlying rim that represents the global society, a second rim that represents the community, third rim that represents the family, a fourth inner rim that represents the individual and the mete-paradigm concepts. Help Writing An Essay! The inside of the concentric circles comprises of 12 pie-shaped wedges that are used to depict the cultural domains and university of houston, their respective constructs. Assignment Writing An Essay! In the model, domains are interrelated and that each domain is influenced by squassina university of houston a number of other domains.

The centre of the Purnell’s model for cultural competence is help, empty; this denotes the unknown facets of a given cultural group. The bottom of the model has a saw-toothed line that is university, used to denote the assignment level of cultural consciousness. The saw-toothed line is linked to the healthcare provider. Since the meta-paradigm concepts in the Purnell’s model for cultural competence draw upon a broad perspective, they are not a reflection of a specific ethnic, cultural or national values and beliefs. The model acknowledges that there are a number of cultures that lack directly transferrable phrases for the meta-paradigm concepts. As a result, caregivers may be compelled to adapt the meta-paradigm concepts to match the cultural needs of the patient. For instance, the definition of a person may be different for individualistic and collectivistic cultures. Louisiana State Of Medicine For Elementary! A case in point is in Western cultures, whereby a person is defined as a standalone unique individual whereas in other cultures, a person may be defined with respect to assignment help, a family or any other group.

The following table summarizes the 12 domains in the model. Published Studies that Have Tested or Used Purnell’s Model for Cultural Competence. Anderson, L. M., Scrimshaw, C., Fullilove, M., Fielding, J. E., Normand, J. et al. (2003). Antigua And Barbuda! Culturally Competent Healthcare Systems: A Systematic Review. American Jourbal of Preventive Medicine , 24 (3S), 68-78. Theoretically, culturally competent healthcare systems (those providing linguistically and culturally appropriate care services) have the an essay potential of boston, reducing ethnic and racial health disparities. In instances where patients have no understanding of what caregivers are informing them.

In addition, when caregivers are not able to peak the patient’s language and inconsiderate of the cultural differences, it is highly likely that healthcare quality will be compromised. In this regard, Anderson et al (2003) performed a systematic review of five interventions aimed at improving cultural competence of care systems, which included use of healthcare settings that are culturally specific, utilization of culturally and linguistically appropriate health care education materials, providing cultural competence training to an essay, healthcare providers, using interpreter services, and recruiting and retaining staff to mirror the cultural diversity of the university theater football community being served. Purnell’s model for cultural competence was the theoretical framework for assignment help an essay the systematic review. Anderson et al (2005) established the michigan state university football leaders effectiveness of assignment help writing, these culturally competence interventions using measures such as health outcome improvements, patient satisfaction, and racial and ethnic healthcare disparities. It is evident from the findings of the review are consistent with the assumptions outlined in Purnell’s model for cultural competence. Beach, M., Price, E., Gary, T., Robinson, K., Gozu, A., Palacio, A., et al. (2005). Cultural competence: a systematic review of health care provider educational interventions. Medical Care , 43 (4), 356-73 . Beach et al., (2003) performed a systematic review with the main objective of synthesizing the findings of studies that evaluated the interventions that are used in improving the cultural competence of caregivers. Beach et al (2003) used Purnell’s model for michigan football division cultural competence and reviewed studies between 1980 and assignment help an essay, 2003. The review comprised of 34 studies, and reported significant evidence indicating that cultural competence training helps to michigan football leaders, improve the knowledge of healthcare professionals.

In addition, the findings also reported that cultural competence training plays a pivotal role in improving the skills and attitudes of healthcare professionals. The findings also pointed out that cultural competence training has a positive impact on patient satisfaction. Overall, it is apparent that the findings reported in the study are consistent with the assumptions held by the Purnell’s model for cultural competence, which implies that the help an essay Purnell’s model for cultural competency functioned extremely well with regard to the objectives of the study. Cultural competence provides a framework for university alumni football improving the skills, attitudes and knowledge of assignment help an essay, health professionals. Sunil, K., Cheyney, M., Engle, M. Boston University Alumni! (2009).

Cultural Competency in Health Care: Evaluating the Outcomes of assignment help writing an essay, a Cultural Competency Training Among Health Care Professionals. Journal of the National Medical Association , 101 (9), 886-892. Sunil, Cheyney Engle (2009) undertook a study to explore the effectiveness of a cultural competence training program, which was designed with the aim of improving the skills and knowledge of healthcare administrators and providers who engage in trans-cultural clinical encounters. The study used 43 healthcare professionals, who attended a training workshop lasting four hours on cultural competency. Prominent Of Michigan Alumni! The results of the study point out that the an essay cultural competence training resulted in a significant improvement in the skills and knowledge associated with cultural competency among healthcare professionals. Overall, the results of the study are consistent with the assumptions of michigan state football leaders, Purnell’s model for cultural competence in the sense that culturally competent healthcare professionals understand the healthcare experiences of clients coming from different backgrounds and are effectively equipped to work in trans-cultural clinical settings. Clinical Case that is Appropriate for the Application of Purnell’s model for Cultural Competence – Offering Culturally Competent Care for Native Americans Giving Birth in Clinical Settings. Giving birth is considered a significant life event for Native American women as well as their families.

As Mim Iron (2006) explains, the assignment writing an essay experience associated with giving birth can be negatively or positively influenced by antigua american university the care that they receive; this has an impact on succeeding encounters with healthcare providers. Assignment Help Writing! According to Beach, et al. (2005), culturally competent care during all stages of giving birth (prenatal, during birth, and post natal) is vital to quality healthcare provision. The socio-cultural and political factors affecting the alumni Native Americans have exerted a negative impact on their traditional values, cultural identity and assignment help, education including their health. Recently, there has an marco of houston, increase in the number of Native American women visiting hospitals for assignment help writing an essay purposes if giving birth. This presents an ideal case for the application of Purnell’s model for and barbuda university cultural competence, for Native American women giving birth in American hospitals (Beach, et al., 2005). When dealing with Native American patients, there are numerous barriers that are likely to hamper the provision of quality care such as Native Americans’ belief in assignment help an essay traditional spiritual healing systems; communication barriers; and other culture-specific factors associated with Native Americans that is university, likely to have an impact on the provision of care.

Application of Purnell’s Model for Cultural Competence in the above Clinical Case: Nursing Assessment and Interventions. In order to have cultural challenges when administering care to Native Americans, caregivers need to be culturally competent, which in this case, entails adapting nursing assessments and interventions to meet the particular needs of Native Americans. The first approach to provide culturally competent care to Native American women giving birth in assignment an essay hospitals is for the caregiver to have an understanding of the holistic view associated with the marco Native American culture. Campinha-Bacote (2005) identified seven dimensions that are vital when developing nursing practices for Native Americans; they include holism, connection, traditions, caring, trust, respect and spirituality. In the context of Native Americans, spirituality is the assignment help an essay most significant; but it is least understood by caregivers. Customarily, the relationship with the child is perceived to commence prior to and barbuda, birth. Some of the preparations that can be used to have a good birth and the delivery of a healthy baby include taking care of oneself in a manner that is spiritually healthy; being physically active; paying attention to old women’s teachings; and stress avoidance (Campinha-Bacote, 2005). Caregivers also ought to have an assignment help writing an essay, understanding of essay help, respect in Native American terms and apply respect in all interactions. Assignment Writing An Essay! For Native Americans, respect is considered a reciprocal process, which recognizes, in action and words, the equality of communities and american university, persons.

Respect is also communicated via behaviors like undertaking legitimate attempts to understand the patient’s view, active listening, and offering precise explanations as well illustrating personal integrity (Campinha-Bacote, 2005). Effective communication is also vital when providing culturally competent care to Native American women giving birth in American hospitals. In order for Native Americans to be involved wholly in their own medical care, health services ought to assignment help writing an essay, be available in Native American languages. According to Campinha-Bacote (2005), language and cultural differences can result in miscommunication, improper treatments and misdiagnosis. Moreover, it is imperative for the caregiver to understand the elements of non verbal communication such as eye contact norms, and voice tone. For the case of Native Americans, caregivers ought to speak softly and avoid eye contact; this should not be confused with avoidance (Mim Iron, 2006). Help! In addition, many Native Americans are reluctant to express pain; consequently, it is imperative for the healthcare professionals to understand that the absence of complaints about assignment help writing pain does not necessarily imply that the boston patient is not experiencing pain (Campinha-Bacote, 2005). In this regard, caregivers should be alert with respect to help writing, physiological and nonverbal signs of pain. Caregivers should always seek for permission of the patient before touching any part of the body; this is because touching is considered extremely personal among Native Americans.

In addition, caregivers should ask for permission before moving or touching their objects because some are considered spiritual artifacts such as jewellery, hair and some regalia (Weaver Day, 2012). Anderson, L. M., Scrimshaw, C., Fullilove, M., Fielding, J. Boston University Theater Alumni! E., Normand, J. Help Writing An Essay! (2003). Culturally Competent Healthcare Systems: A Systematic Review. American Jourbal of Preventive Medicine , 24 (3S), 68-78. Beach, M., Price, E., Gary, T., Robinson, K., Gozu, A., Palacio, A., et al. (2005). Louisiana Electives For Elementary! Cultural competence: a systematic review of health care provider educational interventions. Medical Care , 43 (4), 356-73. Campinha-Bacote, J. (2005). A biblically based model of cultural competence in assignment writing the delivery of healthcare services.

New York: Transcultural C.A.R.E. Associates. Mim, D., Iron, P. (2006). Strategies for and barbuda american Cultural Competency in Indian Health Care. Washington, D.C: American Public Health Association,. Sunil, K., Cheyney, M., Engle, M. (2009). Cultural Competency in Health Care: Evaluating the Outcomes of a Cultural Competency Training Among Health Care Professionals. Journal of the assignment help an essay National Medical Association , 101 (9), 886-892. Weaver, H., Day, P. (2012).

Health and the American Indian. New York: Routledge .