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We will also evaluate whether ADCC is disparate from classical neutralization. Finally, we will use microscopy to examine the synapse between effectors, Abs, and targets. The outcome of towson tiger login, this research will provide insight into the characteristics of Abs that mediate ADCC that are likely important goals in new paltz gym phone, the design of tiger, HIV vaccines or immunotherapies. Hypothesis: Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) is school seattle a function that has been shown to university login mediate protection from lentiviral infection. Of Kentucky Baseball 2013. We hypothesize that variations in ADCC activity of sera are dictated by the amount, specificity, and subclass of HIV-specific antibodies. Aim 1 : Characterize the towson tiger tracks potency of sera of HIV-infected individuals in ADCC. Aim 2 : Characterize the specificity and breadth of antibodies with ADCC activity. Aim 3 : Characterize the structure and function of the target-effector synapse using both fixed and live cell laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and tomography. Understanding the role of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) in HIV could provide important insights for school induction of this activity through vaccination.

This project seeks to characterize the Abs that mediate ADCC and image the functional synapse formed by cellular components involved in tracks, ADCC with the goal of university medical school, defining new goals for the development of HIV vaccines and therapeutics. Gallo RC, Salahuddin SZ, Popovic M. Frequent detection and isolation of towson tiger, cytopathic retroviruses (HTLV-III) from patients with AIDS and at risk for AIDS. Science. 1984; 224: 500-3. Essay. Barre-Sinoussi F, Chermann JC, Rey F, Nugeyre MT, Chamaret S, Gruest J, et al. Isolation of tiger, a T-lymphotropic retrovirus from of kentucky baseball camp, a patient at risk for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).

Science. 1983; 220(4599): 868-71. Organization WH. Global summary of the AIDS epidemic, December 2007. 2007 [cited 2009 September 18, 2009]; Hessell AJ, Hangartner L, Hunter M, Havenith CE, Beurskens FJ, Bakker JM, et al. Fc receptor but not complement binding is important in towson tiger, antibody protection against HIV. Nature. 2007; 449(7158): 101-4. www.hivresearh.org. RV144 Phase III HIV Vaccine Trial Press Release. 2009. Chung A, Rollman E, Johansson S, Kent SJ, Stratov I. The utility of ADCC responses in HIV infection.

Current HIV research. 2008; 6(6): 515-9. Dame. Kohl S, Starr SE, oleske JM, Shore SL, Ashman RB, Nahmias AJ. Human monocytemacrophage- mediated antibody-dependent cytotoxicity to herpes simplex virus-infected cells. Tracks. J Immunol. University Charlottesville. 1977; 118(3): 729-35. Forthal DN, Landucci G. In vitro reduction of virus infectivity by antibody-dependent cellmediated immunity. Journal of tiger tracks, immunological methods. 1998; 220(1-2): 129-38.

Stratov I, Chung A, Kent SJ. Robust NK cell-mediated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-specific antibody-dependent responses in suny new paltz, HIV-infected subjects. Towson Tiger Login. J Virol. 2008; 82(11): 5450-9. Of Washington Medical School. Gomez-Roman VR, Florese RH, Patterson LJ, Peng B, Venzon D, Aldrich K, et al.

A simplified method for the rapid fluorometric assessment of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Journal of immunological methods. 2006; 308(1-2): 53-67. Migueles SA, Osborne CM, Royce C, Compton AA, Joshi RP, Weeks KA, et al. Lytic granule loading of CD8+ T cells is required for tiger tracks HIV-infected cell elimination associated with immune control. Immunity. 2008; 29(6): 1009-21. Vago L, Perna SK, Zanussi M, Mazzi B, Barlassina C, Stanghellini MT, et al. Latin American Rankings China. Loss of mismatched HLA in university tiger login, leukemia after stem-cell transplantation.

N Engl J Med. 2009; 361(5): 478- 88. Ziegner U, Campbell D, Weinhold K, Frank I, Rutstein R, Starr SE. Deficient antibodydependent cellular cytotoxicity against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-expressing target cells in suny gym phone number, perinatal HIV infection. Tiger Login. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 1999; 6(5): 718-24. Brunetta E, Fogli M, Varchetta S, Bozzo L, Hudspeth KL, Marcenaro E, et al. Of Notre Peace Conference. The decreased expression of Siglec-7 represents an early marker of dysfunctional natural killer cell subsets associated with high levels of HIV-1 viremia. Blood.

2009. Ljunggren HG, Ohlen C, Hoglund P, Yamasaki T, Klein G, Karre K. Towson Tracks. Afferent and university of notre conference of 1861, efferent cellular interactions in natural resistance directed against university, MHC class I deficient tumor grafts. J Immunol. Dame Student. 1988; 140(2): 671-8. De Maria A, Ferraris A, Guastella M, Pilia S, Cantoni C, Polero L, et al. Expression of HLA class I-specific inhibitory natural killer cell receptors in HIV-specific cytolytic T lymphocytes: impairment of specific cytolytic functions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of university login, America.

1997; 94(19): 10285-8. Number. Ahmad R, Sindhu ST, Toma E, Morisset R, Vincelette J, Menezes J, et al. Evidence for a correlation between antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity-mediating anti-HIV-1 antibodies and prognostic predictors of HIV infection. J Clin Immunol. 2001; 21(3): 227-33. Lambotte O, Ferrari G, Moog C, Yates NL, Liao HX, Parks RJ, et al. Heterogeneous neutralizing antibody and antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity responses in HIV-1 elite controllers.

AIDS. 2009; 23(8): 897-906. Dalgleish A, Sinclair A, Steel M, Beatson D, Ludlam C, Habeshaw J. Towson University Tiger Tracks. Failure of ADCC to predict HIV-associated disease progression or outcome in a haemophiliac cohort. Clin Exp Immunol. 1990; 81(1): 5-10.

Koup RA, Sullivan JL, Levine PH, Brewster F, Mahr A, Mazzara G, et al. Antigenic specificity of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity directed against human immunodeficiency virus in antibody-positive sera. J Virol. 1989; 63(2): 584-90. Doria-Rose NA, Connors M. Health System Charlottesville. Antibody-secreting B cells in HIV infection. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2009; 4(5): 426-30.

Burke B, Barnett SW. Broadening our view of towson, protective antibody responses against HIV. Current HIV research. 2007; 5(6): 625-41. Sattentau Q. Avoiding the void: cell-to-cell spread of human viruses.

Nat Rev Microbiol. 2008; 6(11): 815-26. Chamow SM, Zhang DZ, Tan XY, Mhatre SM, Marsters SA, Peers DH, et al. A humanized, bispecific immunoadhesin-antibody that retargets CD3+ effectors to 2013 kill HIV-1- infected cells. J Immunol. 1994; 153(9): 4268-80. Jolly C, Kashefi K, Hollinshead M, Sattentau QJ. HIV-1 cell to cell transfer across an Env-induced, actin-dependent synapse. J Exp Med. 2004; 199(2): 283-93. Groot F, Welsch S, Sattentau QJ.

Efficient HIV-1 transmission from macrophages to T cells across transient virological synapses. Blood. University Login. 2008; 111(9): 4660-3. University Of Notre Dame Student Peace Conference Of 1861. Martin N, Welsch S, Jolly C, Briggs JA, Vaux D, Sattentau QJ. University Tiger Tracks. Virological synapsemediated spread of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 between T cells is university system sensitive to towson login entry inhibition. J Virol. 2010; 84(7): 3516-27. Intellectual Support : My mentors Mark Connors and Quentin Sattentau are leading experts in their field and have mentored numerous people that have gone on dhanshika will to successful careers in science. This dual mentorship will teach me to university aggressively approach science from two distinctive perspectives in my graduate career, something most PhD scientist don’t experience until their first post-doctoral experience.

While at NIH I will have received extensive support of staff from Richard Siegel, Director of the NIH MD/PhD partnership program and Michael Lenardo, Director the NIH/Oxford/Cambridge Scholars Program. While at Oxford I will have the guidance of Lucinda Risius, Managing Director of the Graduate Pathology Program and I will also be assigned a departmental advisor, outside of my lab, with whom I can discuss my research Progress. Educational Resources : Through the FAES at NIH I have access to courses to university of washington seattle improve lab specific skills and foundation knowledge. I have already participated a Vaccine Development course. Towson University Tracks Login. At Oxford I will take seminars at the Centre for Excellence in Teaching and Learning for training in university medical seattle, teaching skills.

I will also take courses pertinent to my research offered at the Dunn School of Pathology. Both the NIH and Oxford have libraries and IT staff that can aid me in towson university login, scholarly research. Physical Resources : Both labs have sufficient funding to provided me any reagent/equipement need for the proposed research. Lab Space – I am provided with a desk and dhanshika essay, personal desktop computer. Bench space is shared within the lab. Safety – In order to towson login ensure our safety from new paltz gym phone, hazardous blood samples we work under laminar flow hoods in a P2 facility with P3 practices. Samples – We receive blood samples from patients enrolled within our protocol. University Tiger. We also have access to the NIH blood blank for normal human blood samples. As provided by Quentin Sattentau: “Oxford University is gym phone held in high international regard for its strong teaching and research background and its unique and personal teaching style.

Within the University the Department of Pathology has an excellent reputation for login graduate teaching, and has achieved 100% success in DPhil graduation within 4 years for the past 3 years. The Department has a strong graduate support structure, in which each student has a principal supervisor, the possibility of a cosupervisor, a departmental advisor, and a college advisor. The supervisor(s) will generally meet with the student multiple times a term, and each of the non-supervisory mentors will meet with the of virginia health candidate approximately once a term and will file reports on the candidate’s progress. Tracks. The candidate will be expected to attend a series of high profile external seminars that take place once a week in term time, and a regular series of gym phone, internal seminars from leading and more junior University and Departmental investigators and students. Adjoa will attend and participate in the weekly lab journal club, in which scientific papers are taken apart critically by members of the university login group, and a weekly laboratory meeting in of kentucky, which each lab member presents their ongoing research. Adjoa will also be encouraged to chat to tiger tracks other members of the department during tea lunch and coffee breaks, a longstanding Oxford institution! The Department has a fully equipped quiet library for literature research and other reading and writing. Adjoa will have her own writing up space close to her work bench, equipped with a portable computer and if required, an external screen.

Adjoa will have full access to all core facilities, including the imaging suite with multiple light microscopes, a flow cytometry and sorting suite, an electron microscopy facility with full technical and scientific support. We also have strong connections with the biochemistry and chemistry departments and the Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine at the John Radcliffe Hospital for obtaining clinical samples and expertise.” BD FACSAria IIu. BD Pathways 855. VICTOR Light luminescence plate reader. AutoMACS Pro Separator. AutoMACS Classic Separator.

Containment II/III Laboratory with 4 tissue culture hoods. Tissue culture. The laboratory has a new tissue culture facility comprised of 8 double hoods and university peace of 1861, associated incubators and ancillary equipment that is tiger tracks shared with three other virology groups. Virology. The department has a large, fully-equipped containment-III laboratory shared between two groups, with three tissue culture hoods and associated incubators and ancillary equipment, in which HIV-1 is grown and used to infect cells. Flow cytometry. Will Essay. The department has a core flow cytometry facility with three BD analyzers (2 x FACScalibur 2 x LSR2) and two sorters. Molecular biology. The Sattentau laboratory has all facilities for molecular biology carried out under containment levels –I, -II and –III. Light microscopy.

The department has 5 confocal microscopes of varying sophistication and resolution, two of which are set up for live cell immunofluorescence work. The department has three recently acquired high-speed CCD cameras and associated microscopes for live cell immunofluorescence analysis. The Sattentau laboratory has a Zeiss Pascal confocal microscope and towson university tracks, a new CCD camera set up with a Zeiss Axiovert 200 microscope for fixed and live cell work in the containment-III laboratory, allowing real time analysis of live, infected cells. Electron microscopy. The department has two transmission electron microscopes and a scanning electron microscope, all of which are maintained and run as a central service facility by a skilled dedicated operator. Our collaborator in Oxford (Kay Grunewald) is located at latin rankings, the University Churchill campus, which is 4 miles from the Pathology Department. Towson Tracks Login. He maintains and uses 3 microscopes set up for cryo-tomography as follows.

300keV FEG cryo-electron microscope FEI TF30 Helium Polara with GIF2002 imaging filter (2 x 2k CCD) 300keV FEG cryo-electron microscope FEI TF30 with 4 x 4kCCD 120keV cryo-electron microscope FEI T12 with 4 x 4k CCD. Research Related Senior/Key Person Profile. [Our Web version of this sample application can't reproduce the of kentucky baseball camp layout of the actual PDF forms. Towson University Tracks. See below for university system charlottesville the biographical sketch attachments.] My interest in studying infectious diseases stems from the 2001 anthrax scare in the Washington D.C. Towson Tiger. area. I already had a strong interest in science but through my participation in the Gene Search Science Project at Catholic University the following summer I came to understand how medical research impacts treatment for routine illnesses and also plays a role in national defense. Since middle school I have been preparing for a career in science. University Dame Of 1861. At Eleanor Roosevelt High School I was enrolled in towson login, the rigorous Science and Technology Program during which time in participated in the Gene Search Project and researched biochemical pathways that influence sickle cell anemia with Dr. University Camp. William Winters at Howard University Hospital. University Tracks. This experience taught me how research and medicine are intertwined and new paltz number, inspired me to become a physicianscientist. At UMBC I was a member of the towson university tiger Meyerhoff Scholars Program and an HHMI Undergraduate Research Scholar where numerous lab experiences, seminars, rigorous classes, and multiple opportunities for scientific presentations prepared me for a career as a scientist.

My lab skills and university school seattle, understanding of a research career increased exponentially during my four years in Michael Summers’ lab. Not only towson university tiger, did I learn about protein purification, gel electrophoresis, NMR, and medical seattle, ITC while studying MuLV RNA packaging, but more importantly of the towson tiger tracks time and discipline necessary for excellent research and the internal drive that keeps one focused. University Camp 2013. Working with Dr. Nikola Pavletich I learned the value of immediately organizing my data so that others could analyze my results quickly. In the lab of towson tiger login, Tom Cech I had the responsibility of of virginia charlottesville va wineries, designing a new protocol to study telomerase assembly, a skill that has enabled me to design a novel assay to investigate AIDS specific questions in my graduate studies. The medical education I’ve received at towson tracks login, Columbia has given me a unique perspective with which I approach scientific questions. University Dame Of 1861. Under the tutelage of Mark Connors and Quentin Sattentau, leaders in tiger, their fields on nonprogressive HIV infection and university system, viral transmission, my understanding of infectious disease and my capacity to pursue further research in tiger login, these fields will be greatly enhanced. In addition, the courses, medical preceptorships, presentations, teaching, and career development activities I am undertaking in the forthcoming years make me an excellent P.I. for this grant.

Academic and Professional Honors. 2003 National Urban League Scholarship 2003 UMBC Meyerhoff Scholar 2003 UMBC Honors College 2003 HHMI Undergraduate Research Scholar 2004 NAD Distinguished Youth Award 2005 UMBC Minority Access to Research Careers Scholar 2005 Abby Rockefeller Mauze Award Charitable Trust Scholar for Outstanding Achievement 2006 Goldwater Scholar 2007 UMBC Top Senior Biochemistry Major 2007 Graduated Sum Cum Laude from UMBC 2007 NIH/Oxford/Cambridge Scholar 2010 International AIDS Vaccine Conference Scholarship 2011 Keystone Symposia Underrepresented Minority Scholarship. 2004 Omicron Delta Kappa Leadership Honor Society 2004 Golden Key International Honor Society, Sophomore/Alumni Director 2007 Phi Beta Kappa. Dey A, York D, Smalls-Mantey A, Summers MF. University Of Notre Peace Conference. 2005. Composition and sequence-dependent binding of RNA to the nucleocapsid protein of Moloney murine leukemia virus. Tiger Tracks Login. Biochemistry.

44(10), 3735-3744. University Of Washington School. Miyazaki Y, Irobalieva RN, Tolbert BS, Smalls-Mantey A, Iyalla K, Loeliger K, D'Souza V, Khant H, Schmid MF, Garcia EL, Telesnitsky A, Chiu W, Summers MF. 2010. Structure of a conserved retroviral RNA packaging element by NMR spectroscopy and towson tiger tracks, cryo-electron tomography. J Mol Biol.

404(5), 751-772. Smalls-Mantey A, Winter W. 2003. Biosynthesis of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate in Erythrocytes. Poster presentation at university of kentucky camp 2013, ERHS Science Fair and Prince Georges County Science Fair. March 2003. Towson University Tracks. Smalls-Mantey A, Dey, A, Phillip C, Summers MF.

2004. Characterization of High-Affinity Nucleocapsid Protein Binding Sites Within the Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus RNA Packaging Signal. Poster presented at 2004 Annual Biomedical Research Conference for Minority Students, November 2004. Smalls-Mantey A, Min J, Pavletich N. 2005. University Health Charlottesville Va Wineries. Structural and university tiger, Biochemical Studies of the Yeast Rad4-Rad23 Complex Bound to DNA. Poster presented at Tri-Institutional Gateways to the Laboratory Program Symposium and 2005 Leadership Alliance.

August 2005. Smalls-Mantey A, Miyazaki Y, Summers MF. 2007. Dimerization of Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus Nucleocapsid Protein Binding Sites Facilitates Binding. Poster presented at conference of 1861, 2007 UMBC Undergraduate Research and Creative Achievement Day. April 2007. Towson University Tiger. Smalls-Mantey A, Klein R, Doria-Rose N, Laub L, Rood J, Migueles S, Sattenatu. 2010. HIV-Specific Antibodies Mediate Rapid Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity Against Primary HIV-Infected CD4+ T Cells.

Poster presented at 2010 Keystone HIV Vaccines (X5) Meeting. March 2010. University Baseball Camp. Smalls-Mantey A, Klein R, Doria-Rose N, Laub L, Rood J, Migueles S, Sattenatu. 2010. HIV-Specific Antibodies Mediate Rapid Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity Against Primary HIV-Infected CD4+ T Cells. Poster presented at 2010 Oxford Pathology Department Graduate Student Symposium.

June 2010. Smalls-Mantey A, Klein R, Doria-Rose N, Laub L, Rood J, Migueles S, Sattenatu. 2010. HIV-Specific Antibodies Mediate Rapid Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity Against Primary HIV-Infected CD4+ T Cells. Poster presented at 2010 NIH/Oxford/Cambridge Scholars Research Colloquium. Smalls-Mantey A, Klein R, Doria-Rose N, Laub L, Rood J, Migueles S, Sattenatu. 2010. HIV-Specific Antibodies Mediate Rapid Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity Against Primary HIV-Infected CD4+ T Cells.

Poster presented at 2010 International AIDS Vaccine Conference. September 2010. Smalls-Mantey A. University Login. 2010. Latin Rankings 2015 China. Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity and the Control of HIV. Talk given at Frontiers in Biomedicine NIH/Oxford/Cambridge Scholars Program student presentation series. November 2010. [Outside research support redacted from sample.] A. Personal Statement Regarding Project. Currently HIV-specific ADCC is considered one of the towson university tiger tracks very top priorities in the field of HIV-specific immunity. Our laboratory has assembled the best techniques and reagents in the field to carry out this project.

We have extensive experience in university camp 2013, HIV-specific antibodies and cytotoxicity. In addition we have a long track record of training students to prepare them for a carreer in biomedical research. 1985 - 1986 Intern in Pediatrics, The Boston Floating Hospital, New England Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 1986 - 1988 Resident in Pediatrics, The Boston Floating Hospital, New England Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 1988 – 1989 Chief Resident in Pediatrics, The Boston Floating Hospital, New England Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts July 1989 - October 1989 Medical Staff Fellow, Respiratory Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of tiger tracks, Allergy and of washington, Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD October 1989 - June 1993 U.S. Public Health Service, Research Associate (C.O.), Respiratory Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of tiger tracks, Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD July 1993 - June 1994 U.S. Public Health Service, Clinical Associate, Clinical Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD January 1994 - June 1994 Clinical Fellow in Infectious Diseases, The Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA. June 1994 - December 2004 U.S.

Public Health Service, Medical Officer, National Institute of Allergy and dame student conference of 1861, Infectious Diseases, Clinical and Molecular Retrovirology Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD December 2007- Present Chief, HIV-Specific Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD. Recent Honors and Editorial and Review Board Activities. 2009 - U.S. Towson Tiger. Public Health Service Outstanding Service Medal 2009 - present Vaccine Production Development Team Scientific Advisory Board, University of university camp 2013, Pennsylvania 2009 - present HIV Enterprise Host Genetics and towson university tiger tracks login, HIV Diversity Working Group 2010 - present Editorial Board, Journal of Virology. C. Peer-Reviewed Publications. Migueles SA, Sabbaghian MS, Shupert WL, Bettinotti MP, Marincola FM, Schwartz D, Sullivan J, and Connors M. Of Virginia Health Charlottesville. HLA B*5701 is highly associated with restriction of virus replication in a subgroup of university tiger tracks login, HIV infected long term nonprogressors. Dame Student Of 1861. PNAS 2000; 97(6): 2709-2714. Migueles SA, Laborico AC, Shupert WL, Sabbaghian MS, Rabin R, Hallahan C, Van Baarle D, Kostense S, Miedema F, McLaughlin M, Ehler L, Metcalf J, Liu S, and Connors M. HIV-specific CD8+ T cell proliferation is coupled to perforin expression and is maintained in nonprogressors. Nature Immunol 2002; 3(11); 1061-1068. Migueles SA, Laborico AC, Imamichi H, Shupert WL, Royce C, McLaughlin M, Ehler L, Metcalf J, Liu S, Hallahan CW, and Connors M. The differential ability of HLA B*5701+ long-term nonprogressors and university tiger login, progressors to restrict HIV replication is not caused by loss of recognition of university of kentucky camp 2013, autologous viral gag sequences.

J Virol 2003; 77(12); 6889-6898. Iyasere C, Tilton JC, Johnson AJ, Younes S, Yassine-Diab B, Sekaly RP, Kwok WW, Migueles SA, Laborico AC, Shupert WL, Hallahan CW, Davey RT Jr., Dybul M, Vogel S, Metcalf J, and Connors M. Diminished proliferation of HIV-specific CD4+ T Cells is towson university tracks associated with diminished IL-2 production and recovered by exogenous IL-2. J Virol 2003; 77(20); 10900-10909. Tilton JC, Luskin MR, Johnson AJ, Manion M, Hallahan CW, Metcalf JA, McLaughlin M, Davey RT Jr., and Connors M. Changes in paracrine IL-2 requirement, CCR7 expression, frequency, and cytokine secretion, of HIV-specific CD4+ T cells are a consequence of antigen load. University Of Notre Dame Of 1861. J Virol 2007; 81;2713-2725. Migueles SA, Osborne CM, Royce C, Compton AA, Joshi RP, Weeks KA, Rood JE, Berkley AM, Sacha JB, Cogliano-Shutta NA, Lloyd M, Roby G, Kwan R, McLaughlin M, Stallings S, Rehm C, O’Shea MA, Mican J, Packard B, Komoriya A, Palmer S, Wiegand AP, Maldarelli F, Coffin JM, Mellors JW, Hallahan CW, Follman DA and Connors M. Towson University Tracks Login. Lytic Granule Loading of CD8+ T-Cells is Required for HIV-Infected Cell Elimination Associated with Immune Control. Immunity 2008; 29 (6): 1009-1021. Migueles SA, Weeks KA, Nou E, Berkley AM, Rood JE, Osborne CM, Hallahan CW, Cogliano-Shutta NA, Metcalf JA, McLaughlin M, Kwan R, Mican JM, Davey RT Jr, Connors M. Defective human immunodeficiency virus-specific CD8+ T-cell polyfunctionality, proliferation, and cytotoxicity are not restored by antiretroviral therapy. J Virol 2009 83(22): 11876-11889. Doria-Rose NA, Klein R, Daniels M, O'Dell S, Nason M, Lapedes A, Bhattacharya T, Migueles S, Wyatt RT, Korber BT, Mascola JR, Connors M. Breadth of HIV-Specific neutralizing activity in sera: clustering analysis and system, association with clinical variables. University Tracks Login. J Virol 2009 84(3): 1631-1636.

Doria-Rose NA and Connors M. Of Virginia System Va Wineries. Antibody-secreting B cells in HIV infection. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2009 4:426-430 Wu X, Yang ZY, Li Y, Hogerkorp CM, Schief WR, Seaman MS, Zhou T, Schmidt SD, Wu L, Xu L, Longo NS, McKee K, O'Dell S, Louder MK, Wycuff DL, Feng Y, Nason M, Doria-Rose N, Connors M, Kwong PD, Roederer M, Wyatt RT, Nabel GJ and towson tiger, Mascola JR. Rational design of envelope identifies broadly neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies to HIV-1. Science 2010 329:856-861. Migueles SA and Connors M. Dhanshika. Long-term nonprogressive disease among untreated HIV-infected individuals: clinical implications of understanding immune control of HIV. JAMA 2010 304:194-201. Towson University. [Redacted publication in press]

The research direction of the HIV-Specific Immunity Section of the Laboratory of Immunoregulation is focused upon mechanisms of immunity to HIV. The laboratory is staffed by PhD and MD scientists with extensive experience in the humoral or cellular immune response to HIV. In addition we have close collaborations with investigators at the NIAID Vaccine Research Center in the area of structure-function relationships of student conference of 1861, HIV-specific antibodies. Our laboratory is well equipped with multi-laser flow cytometers, automated magnetic sorters, and imaging equipment to tiger carry out this project. University Of Notre Peace Conference Of 1861. Our laboratory is supported by the research budget of the Division of Intramural Research. Over the past 4 years we have received supplemental funding from the Intramural AIDS Targeted Antiretroviral Program (IATAP).

This will continue for the next 2 years. We have also received funding from the Office of AIDS Research for work on the humoral response to HIV. Positions and Employment. 1985 - 1992 Lecturer, Department of Genito-Urinary Medicine, University College London, UK 1989 - 1991 Visiting scientist, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 1992 - 1998 Staff scientist (Director of university tiger, Research), Centre d’Immunologie, Marseille, France 1999 - 2003 Reader, Section of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London UK 2003 - Professor of immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford UK. Other Experience and Professional Memberships. 1995 - Member, American Association for the Advancement of Science 1998 - Member, American Society for Microbiology 1998 - Member, British Society for Immunology, UK 1998 - Member, Society for General Microbiology, UK 2005 - Member of the Pasteur Institute Paris France Scientific Evaluation Committee. 2005 - Member of the Vaccine Research Center (VRC) NIH Board of Scientific Councilors 2007 - Member of BMGF Vaccine Monitoring Centre SAB 2008 - Member of NIH HIVRAD/Novartis Neutralizing Antibody Vaccine Consortium SAB 2009 - Member of study section for Swedish Program for International Development 2010 - Member of NIH study section for of virginia health system charlottesville va wineries the B cell Immunology Partnership Program for HIV-1 Vaccine Discovery (U19) C. Selected Peer-Reviewed Publications. Most relevant to university tiger tracks login the current application. Martin N, Welsch S, Jolly C, Briggs JA, Vaux D and Sattentau QJ. (2010) Virological synapse-mediated spread of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 between T cells is sensitive to entry inhibition.

J. Virol. 84: 3516-3527. Suny New Paltz. Gonzalez N, Bermejo M, Calonge E, Jolly C, Arenzana-Seisdedos F, Pablos JL, Sattentau QJ and towson university tracks, Alcami J. (2010) SDF-1/CXCL12 production by mature dendritic cells inhibits the propagation of X4-tropic HIV-1 isolates at the dendritic cell-T-cell infectious synapse. University Health Charlottesville. J Virol. 84:4341-51 Groot F, Welsch S and Sattentau QJ. University Tiger Tracks Login. (2008).

Efficient HIV-1 transmission from macrophages to T cells across transient virological synapses. Blood 111: 4660-4663. Sowinski S, Jolly CJ, Berninghausen O, Purbhoo, MA, Chauveau A, Kohler K, Oddos S, Eissmann P, Brodsky FM, Hopkins C, Onfelt B, Sattentau QJ and Davis DM (2008). Membrane nanotubes physically connect T cells over long distances presenting a novel route for HIV-1 transmission. Nature Cell. Biol. 10: 211-219. Jolly C and Sattentau QJ (2007).

HIV-1 assembly, budding and cell-cell spread in T cells takes place in tetraspanin-enriched plasma membrane. J. Virol. 81:7873-7884 Jolly C and latin american university 2015, Sattentau QJ (2007). Adhesion molecule interactions facilitate human immunodeficiency virus type-1-induced virological synapse formation between T cells. J. Virol.

81: 13916-13921. Jolly C, Mitar I and Sattentau QJ (2007). Requirement for university tiger login an intact actin and tubulin cytoskeleton for efficient HIV-1 assembly and spread. J. Virol. 81: 5547-6 Jolly C and university of virginia system, Sattentau QJ. Human Immunodeficiency virus type-1 virological synapse formation in T cells requires lipid raft integrity.

J. Virol. 2005 79: 12088-12094. Jolly C, Kashefi K, Hollinshead M and Sattentau QJ (2004) HIV-1 cell-to-cell transfer across an Env-induced, actin-dependent synapse. J. Exp Med. 199: 283-193. Additional recent publications of university, important to the Field (in chronological order) Wegmann F, Krashias G, Luhn K, Laamanen K, Vieira S, Jeffs SA, Shattock RJ and Sattentau QJ (2011) A novel strategy for inducing enhanced mucosal HIV-1 antibody responses in an anti-inflammatory environment.

PlosOne 6: e15861. Kong L, Sheppard N, Stewart-Jones G, Robson CL, Chen H, Xu X, Krashias G, Bonomelli C, Scanlan CN, Kwong PD, Jeffs SA, Jones IM, Sattentau QJ (2010) Expression system-dependent modulation of HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein antigenicity and immunogenicity. J. Mol. Biol. Aug 25th epub. Krashias G, Simon K, Wegmann F, Kok WL, Ho LP, Stevens D, Skehel J, Heeney JL, Moghaddam AE and Sattentau QJ. (2010). Potent adaptive immune responses induced against HIV-1 gp140 and influenza virus HA by a polyanionic carbomer. Vaccine 28: 2482-2489.

Zanetti G, Briggs JAG, Grunewald K, Sattentau QJ and Fuller SD. SIV spike glycoprotein structure in situ determined by cryo-electron tomography. Plos Pathogens August 2 (8): e83 Sheppard NC, Bates AC and Sattentau QJ (2007). American China. A functional human IgM response to HIV-1 Env after immunization with NYVAC-HIV C. AIDS 19: 524-527. [Outside research support redacted from sample.] PHS Fellowship Supplemental Form, Research Plan.

[Our Web version of this sample application can't reproduce the layout of the towson tracks login actual PDF forms. The attachments are included below. In the original version, these attachments met the student peace page limits.] Understanding the login basis of an immune response that controls infection or provides sterilizing immunity remains a major goal in the search for effective vaccines or immunotherapies for HIV. Of Washington Medical Seattle. Antibodies (Abs) induced by candidate vaccines to university tracks login the surface envelope glycoprotein have not neutralized a broad array of primary virus isolates. Baseball Camp. For this reason, eliciting a cytotoxic cellular response has been the primary goal in most recent vaccine trials. However, this approach has not been successful in containing viral replication in vaccinees that have become HIV-infected. Antibody-dependant cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) has been shown to mediate sterilizing immunity against challenge with pathogenic simian immunodeficiency virus [Hessel 2007]. In ADCC, Fc-bearing Abs bind viral epitopes coating an infected CD4+ target T cell and an Fc receptor bearing effector, most commonly natural killer cells (NKs), bind the Ab and use perforin to deliver granzymes which induce apoptosis in tracks, the target. We want to study ADCC in infected patients to understand the magnitude and dhanshika essay, characteristics of the best responses achieved by natural infection.

First, we will compare ADCC mediated by the sera of a cohort of patients using a granzyme B cytotoxicity assay developed in our lab. Based on these findings, we will select the sera of patients with the towson university login most ADCC, generate monoclonal Abs (mAbs), and of virginia health charlottesville, characterize the mAbs based on epitope specificity, affinity, potency, breadth, IgG isotype, and Fc type. Towson University Tracks Login. We will also evaluate whether ADCC is disparate from classical neutralization. Finally we will use microscopy to suny gym phone examine the synapse between effectors, Abs, and targets. The outcome of this research will provide insight into the characteristics of towson university tiger login, Abs that mediate ADCC that are likely important goals in latin american, the design of HIV vaccines or immunotherapies.

Hypothesis: Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) is a function that has been shown to mediate protection from lentiviral infection. Towson University Tiger Tracks. We hypothesize that variations in ADCC activity of new paltz number, sera are dictated by university tiger login the amount, specificity, and subclass of HIV-specific antibodies. Aim 1 : Characterize the potency of sera of HIV-infected individuals in will essay, ADCC. In ADCC, Abs bind viral epitopes that are presented by infected CD4+ T cells. NKs expressing an Fc receptor bind the Fc domain of the towson tiger login Ab and use perforin to deliver granzymes to the HIV-infected cell. Subsequently, granzymes induce apoptosis within the cell. Our lab has developed a flow cytometric assay that measures granzyme B delivered to an HIV-infected CD4+ target T cell. We will classify ADCC by the percent of target cells receiving granzyme and the elimination of targets as defined by residual percent of targets expressing p24, HIV capsid. Compare the serum of HIV+ individuals with various rates of progression and viral loads to determine which contain Abs capable of mediating the highest levels of ADCC.

Compare the ADCC and neutralizing activity of patient sera. Aim 2 : Characterize the university of washington medical school specificity and breadth of university tiger login, antibodies with ADCC activity. Suny New Paltz. Our laboratory has panels of towson university tiger, NAbs derived from patients with known serum neutralizing or ADCC-mediating activity. Determine whether recognition of specific epitopes is will writer required for ADCC. Define the breadth of the polyclonal sera by its ability to mediate ADCC in CD4+ T cells infected by different clades of tiger tracks login, HIV. Titer serum total IgG, IgG1, and IgG3 binding infected CD4+ T cells. Aim 3 : Characterize the structure and function of the target-effector synapse.

Using both fixed and live cell laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and tomography, we will examine the synapse formed between NK and other cells with potential ADCC activity (macrophages and neutrophils) and infected target cells. We will specifically investigate: The structure of a functional ADCC synapse. The kinetics of ADCC function in real time and new paltz gym phone number, its relation to antibody type and specificity. A role for antibody-dependent cell-mediated phagocytosis (ADCP) in elimination of HIV-infected cells. d. Receptors and effector molecules central to towson tiger tracks login ADCC activity against HIV infected cells. Since being identified as the university causative agent of AIDS in 1983, HIV infection has reached epidemic proportions with an estimated 2 million people worldwide dying from AIDS each year 1- 3. There is more public awareness about towson how to prevent HIV infection but with the growing incidence of HIV infection and the limitations of current antiretroviral therapy, there is an imperative need for dame peace a vaccine. One of the most critical areas of research on vaccines for HIV is the search for correlates of immunity. At present the only method for tiger determining the university of kentucky baseball 2013 potential benefits of a vaccine with regard to protection from infection or lowering of viral load upon tiger tracks infection remains very large clinical efficacy trials.

Determining correlates of immunity would tremendously accelerate the development process by permitting some estimation of clinical efficacy prior to a Phase III trial. Reliable correlates would permit screening of vaccine candidates at a much earlier point in development with smaller numbers of participants. Over the latin american rankings 2015 past 20 years, research into university tiger tracks login correlates of immunity to HIV have largely focused on CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) or neutralizing antibodies (NAbs). Suny Gym Phone Number. In addition to neutralization, antibodies (Abs) may fight viral infections by university tracks antibody-dependent cell-mediated phagocytosis (ADCP) or by antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). University Of Washington. In ADCC, Abs bind viral epitopes presented on infected target cells and Fc? receptor-bearing effector cells such as natural killer cells (NKs) recognize and bind the Fc? region of these Abs. Upon cross-linking of the Fc? receptor, NKs release perforin that punctures the target’s cell membrane and deliver proteases such as granzyme B (GrB) which induce apoptosis. ADCC has become a major focus within the field following two important studies highlighting its potential importance in providing immunity to towson tiger tracks login HIV. A recent study by Burton and colleagues demonstrated that neutralizing Abs with mutated Fc? receptor binding regions were less effective in protecting macaques from HIV whereas Abs with impaired complement binding conferred protection to dhanshika will writer macaques, suggesting that ADCC may be more important in preventing infection than neutralization or complement activation alone 4. Prior to this study, it was widely accepted that infection of a single cell would lead to integration and chronic infection. University Tiger Tracks Login. However, because ADCC mediated effects are on virus infected cells and not free virions, this study provided indirect evidence and of virginia health charlottesville va wineries, proof of the concept that ADCC can eliminate lentivirus-infected cells in vivo. In addition, some recent data in human efficacy trials has also greatly increased interest in ADCC as an important component of towson tiger login, vaccine induced immunity to HIV.

In September 2009 data from the phase III RV144 (Thai) vaccine trial were released and showed that the prime-boost combination of ALVACR HIV and AIDSVAXR B/E reduced HIV infection. This vaccine regimen was known to not elicit a strong cellular or NAb response. It does, however, elicit binding antibodies that have suggested to the field that the protective efficacy is university likely mediated through ADCC 5. Our laboratory is part of a large international effort to login characterize ADCC antibodies from this trial in order to gym phone number determine whether there were higher ADCC-mediating antibodies in uninfected vaccinees compared to those that were infected. Although HIV-specific ADCC is now considered an extremely important part of vaccineinduced immunity several basic questions regarding the nature of an effective ADCC response have not been addressed. University Tiger Login. For example, the number, affinity, and specificities of antibodies necessary to mediate ADCC remains poorly understood. Our laboratory has now developed assays that can accurately measure ADCC against HIV-infected cells. We also have assembled panels of monoclonal antibodies from individual patients that permit a characterization of individual antibodies that mediate HIV-specific ADCC. One of the dame student peace conference of 1861 initial goals of this project was to adapt our current killing assay to provide a more robust assay for university tiger login HIV-specific ADCC. Past studies of ADCC have been hampered by the availability of assays that are only partially quantitative. Of Kentucky. There are four primary methods that people use to measure ADCC 6. The most prevalent is the chromium release assays (CRA), which is highly variable, does not specifically account for the mechanism of university tiger, killing, and dame student peace conference of 1861, is insufficiently quantitative 7. Towson. The ADCVI assay incubates targets, serum, and effectors for 24 hours and the supernatant is applied to the B95-8 cell line for 5-7 days. The endpoint is reduction of viral infection of the suny new paltz B95-8 cells 8. This method measures inhibition of viral production and subsequent infection but its disadvantages lie in the length of the assay and failure to measure killing of infected cells.

Another assay is the intracellular cytokine staining ADCC (ICS-ADCC) assay measures IFN-?, the primary cytokine responsible for towson university tiger login the antiviral activity of many cells including NKs, CTLs, Th1, and dendritic cells 9. American Rankings China. The advantages of university tiger tracks, this assay are that multiple effector functions can be measured and university of washington medical, all cells and university tiger tracks login, Abs are from the same patient, but it is still a proxy that does not measure HIV-infected cell killing. The rapid and fluorometric antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (RFADCC) assay directly measures cell killing but requires whole protein 10. While use of new paltz gym phone, protein pulsed targets is a sensitive method, it likely places artificially high amounts of protein on tiger tracks login the surface of infected cells, potentially overestimating the efficacy of university of washington medical seattle, ADCC. Recently our lab has developed a highly quantitative flow cytometric assay to towson login measure GrB cytotoxicity using primary HIV-infected CD4+ T cells as targets and autologous NKs as effectors. This is an adaptation of an assay for measuring the cytotoxic activity of CTLs developed in our lab11. This assay measures the cleavage of a GrB substrate, and eliminates background cell death using a Live/Dead stain to produce accurate quantitative and university of washington school, highly reproducible results. In brief, CD4+ T cells are stimulated for 3 days and HIV infected. Autologous, negatively selected NKs are used as effectors. University Tracks Login. Effectors and targets are labeled with surface dyes so that they can be discriminated.

NKs, targets and serum are incubated in the presence of a granzyme cleavable fluorescent substrate. University Of Notre Student Peace Conference. Granzyme delivery to the target cell and elimination of HIV-infected targets can then be measured by towson tiger login flow cytometry (Figure 1). Cellular GrB content. GrB cleaves GranToxiLux substrate (FITC), indicating the amount of GrB present within a target cell (Pacific Blue). Elimination of HIVSF162-infected cells. University Of Notre Peace. Live targets are stained for intracellular HIV capsid, p24 (PE). Some infected cells show downregulation of CD4 (PE-Cy7). Towson University Tiger Tracks. A reduction in the number of p24 stained cells is represented as Infected Cell Elimination (ICE) and is an indication of cell death. In the example above, ICEInfected+Effectors+Serum = [(58.2-25.8)/58.2] x 100 = 54.9%. There are several advantages to this assay over older assays that use mismatched cell lines.

Because NKs lyse target cells in the context of MHC mismatch and cause nonspecific killing, autologous cells are used in our assay to reduce background. Conference Of 1861. 12. Towson University. In addition, because NK function is diminished in HIV-infected patients, we use the NK cells and CD4+ T cell targets from of kentucky camp 2013, uninfected patients in our assay as a readout for the effectiveness of towson tiger, a given serum sample in mediating ADCC 13, 14. We observed variations in latin american university 2015, NKs from normal individuals in their ability to mediate ADCC and choose donors that provide optimal signal to tiger tracks login noise ratio that we will use to compare the serum of HIV+ individuals (Figure 2). The targets used in this assay are likely closer to the in vivo situation given autologous HIV-infected targets are used in university system va wineries, the place of antigen pulsed cell lines.

Other advantages include our assay’s ability to towson university tracks measure the university system charlottesville va wineries mechanism of ADCC (granzyme delivery) and the outcome (death of infected cells) (Figure 2). MHC-1 is down-regulated in virally infected cells, and the loss of towson university tracks login, MHC-mediated killer inhibitory signals permit NKs to kill a cell 15, 16. We control for university baseball 2013 this by measuring the towson granzyme content of targets that are incubated only with effectors and sera from HIV-uninfected volunteers. For a positive control we are using a novel anti-CD3 Ab that will mediate ADCC to all CD3-bearing targets (Figure 3). With this Ab we have already demonstrated (1) the sensitivity and dynamic range with which we are able to measure ADCC, (2) Abs mediate ADCC in a dose dependent manner, and (3) GrB delivery is proportional to cell death. Aim 1: Characterize the magnitude of ADCC in HIV infected individuals . Rational : There is considerable controversy regarding the university seattle magnitude of ADCC activity in sera from HIV+ individuals and university, how it correlates with disease progression.

It has been suggested that sera from elite controllers exhibit greater ADCC activity which correlates with CD4+ T cell count 17, 18 while others have sighted no correlation between ADCC and disease progression 19, 20.We will compare the serum of university of washington seattle, HIV+ individuals with various rates of progression and viral loads to determine which contain Abs capable of mediating the highest levels of ADCC. Tiger Tracks Login. We will also compare the ADCC and neutralizing activity of patient serum to evaluate whether or not ADCC and neutralization always occur together in of kentucky baseball 2013, polyclonal sera which is towson university tiger login yet to writer be determined 21, 22. Methods : Over the past several years, in collaboration with the Vaccine Research Center (VRC) our laboratory has focused upon recruiting HIV-infected patients with broadly crossneutralizing antibodies. We have extensive clinical data and neutralization data for all of the patients. With the data we generate from our ADCC assay we are able to towson tiger tracks compare multiple indicators of of kentucky, immunity with ADCC. Expected Outcomes/Interpretation : Based on university tracks in vitro and health system charlottesville, passive transfer macaque studies, we expect LTNPs to exhibit greater ADCC than progressors. Our current knowledge attributes LTNP delayed progression to superior CTL cytotoxicity but our data may show ADCC also to be a significant factor 11. Potential Complications : We do not foresee any difficulties in accomplishing this objective.

Aim 2: Characterize MAb from serum identified as having potent ADCC activity with regard to towson university tracks specificity. Rational/Methods : HIV-infected cells express Envelope (Env) protein on their surface which is recognized by NAbs and presumably by ADCC-mediating Abs. We will use standard Nabs (including b12, 2F5, 2G12, 447-52D, 17B, and VRC01) and patient derived MAbs to probe specificities required for suny ADCC. An ideal HIV vaccine would be able to protect against diverse virus strains so it is important to determine whether Abs raised against university tracks, one clade of virus would be able to of notre dame of 1861 mediate ADCC in CD4+ T cells infected by different clades. We will use multiple strains of university tiger tracks, virus from clade A/E, B, and C to infect CD+ T cells and compare killing of target cells in the presence of serum pooled from clade B HIV+ patients. IgG1 and IgG3 are the predominant IgG isotypes with roles in ADCC. It is dhanshika essay writer possible that variations in ADCC activity of sera are mediated by variations in towson tracks login, IgG subclass. We will use infected CD4+ T cells, apply sera with various levels ADCC at dhanshika writer, the same dilutions used in our killing assay, and measure total bound IgG, IgG1, and IgG3 by towson university tiger flow cytometry.

We believe flow cytometry is a better way of measuring titers of binding Abs as compared to health system charlottesville va wineries ELISA because Abs will recognize all possible epitopes on the surface of an towson university tiger tracks login infected cell in their natural conformation. Expected Outcomes/Interpretation : Determining the association between ADCC activity and IgG subclass may provide insights into the necessity of eliciting a specific class of IgG via particular antigens and adjuvants. Potential Complications : We now have robust assays for subclass binding and do not expect complications with this portion of the project. Aim 3: Evaluation of the target-effector synapse. Rational : Using microscopy to study ADCC is important because it will help us define structural and kinetic parameters and will relate structure to function.

Multiple mechanisms for university cell-to-cell spread of HIV have been described but few have described inhibition of viral transmission or targeted cell death 23. Tracks. To date there has been no study using microscopy to investigate ADCC in HIV using NKs or macrophages as effectors and CD4+ T cells as targets. In 1994 one group designed a bispecific antibody with anti-CD4 and anti CD3 heavy chains that would redirect CD8+ T cells to kill HIV infected targets 24. With fluorescent microscopy they observed after 1 hour of incubation that 24% targets had formed conjugates with CD8+ T cells although many more cells had lysed. At 2 hours 50 - 80% of new paltz, targets were conjugated and undergoing lysis and by 24 hours all targets had been lysed. However, the bispecific antibody may not be representative of ADCC with naturally occurring HIV-specific antibodies. In addition, the towson university tiger structure of the NK to university of washington school HIV-infected target synapse was not examined. Methods : The lab of Quentin Sattentau has focused on tiger tracks login examining the synapse of cells involved in medical seattle, HIV infection.

They were the first to demonstrate HIV-1 spread between T cells via virological synapses and nanotube structures for viral transmission between CD4+ T cells 25. They have recently demonstrated that macrophages can infect CD4+ T cells every 6 hours and that cell-tocell transfer of towson tracks, virus is 10-fold more efficient than free virus spread 26. To study the kinetics of ADCC in real time we will use time-lapse laser scanning confocal microscopy (time-lapse LSCM). Cell populations will be negatively selected from PBMCs using magnetic cell sorting. HIV-infected CD4+ T cells will be mixed with patient serum or Abs of multiple specificities (see Aim 2) and NKs to evaluate ADCC; or neutrophils/monocytes to suny number evaluate antibody-dependent cell-mediated phagocytosis (ADCP) and applied to poly-L-lysine coated cover slips. Cover slips will be fixed in paraformaldehyde, quenched with NH4Cl, permeabilized with Triton-X, and stained for granzyme B, IgG, CD4/CD16/CD14 with fluorescent probes. After mounting, images will be acquired every minute for 6 hours using a Zeiss Pascal Axivert 200M scope. We will use transmission electron microscopy and university tiger login, tomography (TEM) to generate higher resolution static images of the ADCC functional synapse. For TEM targets, serum, and effectors will be incubated for approximately 1 hour, fixed in paraformaldehyde and gym phone, glutaraldehyde, and stained with osmium tetroxide. Samples will be embedded in towson tracks login, epoxy resin, cut, and imaged using a 300kV FEI Technai TF30 27.

If necessary cryo-EM will also be used for structural studies with the new paltz aid of Oxford collaborator Kay Grunewald. These experiments will be completed using the pathology department’s core bioimaging facility and I will take department’s Advanced Light Microscopy and university tiger, Electron Microscopy course in preparation for this research. Expected Outcomes : We expect to elucidate the kinetic and functional relationship between ADCC components and answer questions such as what density of Env epitopes are needed to recruit effectors, how many effectors are recruited per dhanshika will essay, target. We do not foresee any difficulties in accomplishing this objective. The results of these studies will include novel MAb with possible therapeutic value; a new tool for the study of towson, ADCC with potential utility for university of 1861 HIV vaccine trials; and increased understanding of basic HIV immunology. Tiger Login. In the wake of the RV144 trial, ADCC has become a major focus in the field of HIV-specific immunity. We are very well positioned to carry out these important studies because of of washington medical school, our large collection of cells, sera, and detailed clinical data from patients that are part of the NIAID HIV clinic, and towson, both labs’ extensive experience in this area. Samples are collected under the NIAID IRB-approved protocol 02-I-0086. Suny Gym Phone Number. Protections for human subjects are in accordance with NIAID Division of Intramural Research policies.

Phlebotomy may cause some discomfort, and occasionally some bleeding or bruising at the site. On rare occasions, people faint while having blood drawn. Blood drawing will not exceed 150 milliliters (30 teaspoonfuls) on any day or visit. In the towson university tiger tracks login course of any time frame during this study, the university medical seattle total amount of login, blood will not exceed 10.5mL/kg, or 550 milliliters over any 8-week period, which is within the university of washington safety guidelines for blood drawing practiced at the Clinical Center. Like standard phlebotomy, leukapheresis is occasionally associated with local bleeding and university, bruising at the site of needle insertion.

Lightheadedness can also occur, and people faint on rare occasions. Occasional tingling in the arms and legs can occur with the procedure and can usually be relieved by chewing a calcium-rich tablet that the staff will provide. In addition, on very rare occasions (less than 1 in every 1,000 times), malfunction of the leukapheresis machine can result in blood loss of up to 450 milliliters. Trained medical personnel who are equipped to deal with any of these potential problems will always be on hand during the procedure. Inclusion of Women and Minorities. Gender, Ethnicity and Race Consideration. This study involves techniques and procedures that are currently approved for various indications. Male and female adult patients (18 years of age or older) will be enrolled without preference to gender, race or ethnicity from the of kentucky 2013 pool of patients that receive care in Clinics 8 at the NIH Clinical Center. Patients will be recruited from outside the NIH community by towson tiger advertisements posted in the Clinical Center, the NIAID web site, and advertised in other media. We will attempt to facilitate minority recruitment using existing NIAID community outreach efforts involving local clinics in the Washington, DC metropolitan area.

In adult HIV-infected patients planning to interrupt HAART, patients will be fully counseled prior to entry into va wineries the study as to the potential risks of discontinuing HAART therapy and towson tiger tracks, the potential benefits of university school seattle, continuing HAART therapy, in the setting of a documented virologic and/or immunologic response. Patients who do not fully comprehend these potential risks of HAART cessation, in the opinion of the study team, will not be offered participation in the study. Patients stopping HAART therapy will be monitored closely for virologic and immunologic relapse and will be offered therapy, based upon the algorithm for towson university tiger tracks safety outlined above. Target enrollment for dhanshika will writer this study is tracks login 300 individuals and is currently ongoing. Inclusion of university 2013, Children (and Pregnant Women) Inclusion of Children and towson university tracks, Pregnant Women. This study will be confined to HIV-infected adults greater than or equal to conference of 1861 18 years of age. As an observational study there is no therapeutic benefit or clinical intervention resulting from towson university tiger login, participation in this trial, thereby children are not being denied the potential benefits of a research intervention. Number. We also do not have the towson university tracks historical research database and in medical seattle, vitro findings on HLA linkages with LTNP in the pediatric population to make valid comparisons within that cohort.

The potential risks of withdrawing therapy in minors have not been studied and therefore may present unknown additional risks to that study population. Towson Tracks Login. Comparable units specializing in pediatric HIV are available at the NIH to address this topic, should preliminary results from this study warrant further evaluation in the pediatric population. The safety of discontinuing antiretroviral therapy has not been established during pregnancy and nursing, and current guidelines continue to advise HIV-positive women to university dame student of 1861 take antiretroviral therapy to prevent viral transmission to university login the child during that time period. Therefore, pregnant or nursing women will be excluded from this study. Any woman of childbearing potential must have a negative pregnancy test within two weeks prior to study entry. All participants who engage in baseball camp, heterosexual intercourse must use two forms of reliable birth control for the duration of the study. When I entered the NIH/Oxford/Cambridge Scholars program I identified Mark Connors and Quentin Sattentau as two HIV researchers with whom I would like to train with because of towson university tracks login, their focus on HIV immunology, vaccine design, and their expertise in basic immunology techniques, flow cytometry, and of kentucky, microscopy. I initiated contact between the two individuals and they agreed to start a collaborative project with me. Towson University Tracks. After studying NAbs with Mark Connors for one summer I decided I wanted to focus on antibodies that mediate ADCC. I outlined the facets of ADCC I wanted to investigate then received feedback from both mentors. Of Washington Medical School Seattle. I subsequently wrote the proposal that was edited by towson university tiger tracks login both mentors and Mark Connors made final revisions.

I meet multiple times during the week with Dr. University Camp 2013. Connors to discuss my research progress and to plan future experiments. We also conduct quarterly phone conferences with Dr. Sattentau, maintain a regular email correspondence, and meet at conferences. Communication will continue in tiger, the same manner while I am in Quentin Sattentau’s lab. Selection of university of notre dame student of 1861, Sponsors and Institution. Selection of Institution. I decided to join Columbia’s MSTP program because of its tradition of exemplary medical education, medical research, and unparalleled support offered to students from tracks, program administrators. Because of my previous research experience with HIV I knew I wanted to continue research in this field.

I decided to join the will NIH/Oxford/ Cambridge Scholars Program to complete my dissertation research because it would provide me access to a more extensive network of scientists than Columbia could. University. Oxford has a particularly strong network of HIV investigators and the structure of its graduate program allows for a particularly specialized education. Dame Student Peace Of 1861. As a graduate student in towson university tiger tracks login, the pathology department I am allowed to select seminars and accelerated 1-day to 1-week courses that allow me to attain skills quickly and immediately implement them into my research. In addition, the NIH/Oxford/Cambridge Scholars program provides funding for students to take courses offered by any institution giving me access to virtually any educational opportunity necessary. In addition, through NIH’s Foundation for Advanced Education in the Sciences I’ve had the opportunity to university rankings 2015 take courses that will help me towards my goal as in infectious disease investigator such as the Vaccine Development course I completed. The NIH/Oxford/Cambridge Scholars Program is towson tiger tracks login designed so that students work with a mentor at NIH and one at university student, a university. When I joined the program I searched for towson university login HIV investigators throughout NIH and Oxford and identified Mark Connors and Quentin Sattentau as potential mentors because I wanted to conduct research that had direct implications in vaccine development.

Quentin Sattentau was studying how to elicit effective anti-HIV neutralizing Abs (NAbs) for vaccines and adjuvants to stimulate systemic and mucosal immunity. Through my search at the NIH I identified Mark Connors as a potential collaborator though he and Quentin had never collaborated before. I believed Dr. Connors’s expertise in NAbs of long-term nonprogressors (LTNPs) would complement Dr. Sattentau’s vaccine development goals. Essay. In addition, Dr. Tiger Login. Connors’s unique cohort of LTNPs would provide ready access to samples to study many facets of HIV infection. Finally, I believe Dr. Sattentau’s approach to research as a PhD and Dr.

Connors’ as an MD will teach me to think about science in a more practical way that is suited to me as a future MD/PhD researcher. I will follow the principles on dhanshika will responsible conduct of research as outlined in NOT-OD-10- 019. As an undergraduate at UMBC I took a semester-long course entitled “Ethics/Integrity in Scientific Research” which first help me to login understand the responsibility scientists have to one another and medical community honestly share information. As a Columbia medical student, I have taken the university Hippocratic Oath to towson login guide my patient care and I am expected to university of washington medical adhere to the code of ethics as outlined in student handbook. University Tiger Tracks Login. Upon joining the NIH I took an online ethics course and essay writer, will continue to tiger take refresher courses annually. At Oxford I will continue my ethics training by taking the university of notre dame peace conference required “Ethics: Introduction to Research Ethics”.

Since I will have access to sensitive patient data it is essential that I maintain the confidentiality of towson university tiger tracks, these individuals. When I started research at essay, NIH I participated in university tiger login, a patient confidentiality seminar. Oxford offers an “Ethics: Confidentiality” course in suny, which I will enroll to towson university tiger better my further my understanding and ability to maintain ethical practices with regards to of kentucky 2013 research. As a physician, I hope to alleviate an tracks individual’s immediate suffering; and as a scientist I hope to contribute to long-term solutions that can prevent suffering. To work most effectively at the interface of medicine and suny new paltz number, science, I have endeavored to towson tracks login earn an MD/PhD.

I believe that the combined degree’s greatest value lies in the perspective that it affords: to approach patient care with a researcher’s eye, and to approach research with a physician’s focus on of kentucky camp 2013 improving the quality of life. A few years ago I conducted research on telomerase, an enzyme that maintains healthy chromosome length. When telomerase is upregulated, as it is in 90% of carcinomas, cells can propagate indefinitely. When telomerase levels are halved, a bone-marrow failure disease called Dyskeratosis Congenita (DC) results. While looking at yeast cells with low levels of telomerase and measuring their growth rates, I noticed two things. Tiger Login. The first was that cells with low levels of telomerase grew slowly. Secondly, these cells had abnormal morphologies, as do tumor cells. These observations led me to wonder whether the progression of cancer in individuals with DC was slower than in of virginia health system charlottesville va wineries, patients without it because DC patients have less active telomerase.

Upon discussing this with my P.I., he acknowledged having never considered his research from that aspect. A literature search demonstrated a lack of any substantial research concerning this question. Research in biochemistry affords many new advances in towson, medicine, but through that experience the importance of keeping a broader medical picture in mind became clear to of virginia health charlottesville me. My goals as a physician scientist are to treat patients and conduct research that will allow me to impact patients I will never meet through therapeutic discovery; specifically serving as a creative link between science and towson login, medicine in medical school seattle, the field of infectious disease. The training I will receive in Oxford’s doctorate program will prepare me to be a competitive investigator through a tailored curriculum, expert dual-mentoring, learning to towson university tracks work in system charlottesville, a collaborative environment, and by giving me extensive writing experience via paper submissions and even through this grant. Towson Tracks Login. These are all specific skills that would be harder and take longer for me to garner through a traditional medical student experience. The advantage I have in of notre dame peace, understanding that I want to be a physician-scientist has given me the opportunity to carefully cultivate these skills early in university login, my career. Activities Planned Under This Award.

Research 80%, Seminars/Courses 10%, Presentation/Career Development/Clinical 10% Research Skills : While working in Mark Connors’s lab I have acquired specific skills such to creatively study immunology such as learning to use flow cytometry. I discuss my research progress frequently during the week with Dr. Connors. We also have phone conferences and meet with Dr.

Sattentau at numerous conferences throughout the university of notre dame student peace of 1861 year. Writing Skills : When I entered the program I took a grant-writing workshop sponsored by the NIH Graduate Partnership Program. University Tracks. I also completed a 3-day grant-writing course during my senior year of college. I will improve my writing skills through preparation of manuscripts based on my research to be submitted for publication, applying for university of virginia health training grants, and submission of a report for my transfer viva (qualifying exam). I will also complete the Scientific Writing from a Reader’s Perspective seminar. Discipline specific learning : I completed the 3-day “Vaccines: Development and Evaluation of Efficacy” course offered by FAES in February 2010. I also attended “Psychiatry and towson tiger tracks login, HIV,” a 2-day workshop offered by the American Psychiatric Association so I could learn to of notre peace of 1861 effectively interact with HIV+ patients I encounter.

I attend weekly seminar series hosted at the NIH such as the Wednesday Afternoon Lecture Series, Immunology Interest Group seminar series, and weekly lab meetings. Bench to bedside clinical training : I will attend the Clinical Research Training Program (CRTP) weekly rounds. I will also have the opportunity to be mentored by an infectious disease clinician. Presentations : I will continue to annually attend and towson university login, present at rankings china, pertinent Keystone Symposia and the Annual AIDS Vaccine conference. I have also had opportunities to present posters at university login, the NIH/Oxford Cambridge Scholars Program Colloquium and the Oxford Pathology Graduate Student Symposium. I have given a talk to university of notre dame student peace of 1861 my graduate program journal club and will have more opportunities to towson university tracks login present my research in lab meetings. Career Development : The NIH/Oxford/Cambridge Scholars programs hosts a seminar series where leaders in government/academic research, the pharmaceutical industry, and finance speak with us about their career. I also attended NIAID Fellows retreat that focused on university 2015 china career development.

Teaching : As I prepare to towson university tiger login leave the lab I will be responsible for training a new research fellow. Year 1 (continued) and Year 2: Quentin Sattentau Lab (Oxford) Research 75%, Seminars/Courses 10%, Presentation/Career Development/Clinical 10%, Teaching 5% Research Skills : While working in Quentin Sattentau’s lab I will learn to apply microscopic imaging to school seattle studying HIV infection. I will have weekly meetings to discuss my research progress. We will have phone conferences and towson university tiger login, meet with Dr. Connors at various conferences throughout the year. I have also been assigned a graduate advisor within the pathology department but not in my specific lab who will help me to objectively evaluate my research. Writing Skills : I will improve my writing skills through preparation of manuscripts based on my research to be submitted for dhanshika will publication and towson university tiger tracks login, writing reviews. I will complete the following 1-day courses offered at Oxford: Writing Skills – Paper and Thesis; Doctoral Thesis Writing,

Discipline specific learning : I will participate in courses and university of washington medical school, Skills Workshops offered by Oxford including “Advanced Light Microscopy,” “Electron Microscopy,” and “Introduction to Statistics.” Bench to bedside clinical training : I will attend the Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine Grand Rounds and shadow an infectious disease clinician. Career Development : See above. University Tiger Tracks. I will also attend the 4-day Oxford GRADschool, a personal development course. Teaching : I will seek to of 1861 be an undergraduate lab instructor and take the Oxford course “Teaching and Learning Skills” to towson university login prepare myself.

Year 3 and Year 4: Medical School (Columbia) In the summer after 11th grade I participated in the intensive 6-week Gene Search Program at the Catholic University of America that introduced me to will molecular biology and the exciting race to sequence the human genome. That summer, I learned much more than how to towson university tiger tracks login run a gel; I learned to new paltz read and comprehend primary research articles and university, how to design experiments. Because of my accomplishments that summer, I was invited to participate in an extension of the Gene Search Program during my 12th grade year. This program inspired me to medical seattle pursue a career in biomedical research because I began to understand how the principles I was learning in towson university tracks, school fostered scientific discovery. As a high school senior, I worked with Dr. William Winter at Howard University School of Medicine to investigate pathways that regulate 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) levels in red blood cells (RBC). 2,3-DPG lowers the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen, thereby facilitating oxygen release to tissues. University Seattle. Patients suffering with sickle cell anemia have high levels of 2,3- DPG.

While this effect may seem advantageous to patients with sickle cell anemia, deoxygenating hemoglobin ultimately causes red blood cells to university tracks sickle by promoting hemoglobin polymerization. Previous studies indicated that adenosine might regulate 2,3-DPG levels through an interaction with the A3 receptor. To test this idea, we indirectly measured 2,3-DPG levels by latin american rankings china using spectrophotometry to measure a by-product of the 2,3-DPG pathway. An exciting therapeutic prospect of our research is university login that an antagonist of the gym phone A3 receptor may prevent the accumulation of 2,3-DPG and towson tiger login, RBC sickling in patients with sickle cell anemia. I documented this work in a five-chapter thesis, in accordance with my high school’s Science and Technology Program, and presented it at my school’s science fair, where I was awarded third place in biochemistry. During college I spent four years working with Dr. Michael Summers to investigate Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus (MuLV) dimerization. Understanding dimerization is key to developing gene and antiviral therapies.

MuLV is similar to HIV in that it is a retrovirus that packages two copies of its RNA genome. Packaging of dimerized RNA is mediated by interactions between the nucleocapsid (NC) domain of the university 2015 assembling Gag polyproteins and a specific domain of the university tiger login RNA called the Psi-site. Previous work in the Summers lab suggested a riboswitch mechanism for MLV genome packaging, where, in monomeric RNA, Psi-site UCUG segments capable of binding NC are sequestered by base pairing, but upon dimerization, become exposed to of virginia health va wineries bind NC. My project was to investigate whether similar sequences in the Psi-site could also bind NC. Using isothermal titration calorimetry and nuclear magnetic resonance, we identified short RNAs (ACAG, UUUG, and UCCG) that bind NC with nanomolar affinity. Our findings suggest that: 1) binding depends on an unpaired guanosine, 2) binding is university tiger tracks login enhanced in university, short RNAs containing terminal phosphates, and 3) binding affinity varies by more than one order of magnitude depending on which three nucleotides lie upstream of the guanosine. The paper I co-authored (Dey, A., et. al., 2005) extends an established model for genome recognition, in which the NC domains of assembling Gag molecules interact with multiple X(i-3)-X(i-2)-X(i-1)-G(i) elements (X is a variable nucleotide) that appear to be preferentially exposed in the dimeric RNA. I presented this research at the 2004 ABRCMS and at multiple UMBC symposiums. I continued to investigate potential dimerization and NC-binding regions of the Psi-site using native and towson university tiger login, mutant MuLV RNA segments in gel-shift assays.

As expected from our riboswitch hypothesis, we observed NC binding preferentially to RNA dimers which was also confirmed by equilibrium dialysis. Most recently our lab published the university of notre conference NMR structure of tracks login, this dimer (Miyazaki, Y., et al., 2010). During the summer of 2005 I participated in will essay writer, the Weill Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan Kettering Gateways to the Laboratory Program. I worked with Dr. Towson University Login. Nikola Pavletich toward solving the crystal structure of the american university china Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rad4-Rad23 complex bound to a DNA substrate. Rad4-Rad23 is a homolog of human XPC-HR23B, a DNA damage-repair protein. In its mutated form, XPC-HR23B causes the towson tracks disease Xeroderma Pigmentosum. Patients are extremely sensitive to UV-light and develop skin cancer during childhood.

I identified DNA substrates to be used in of notre peace, crystallization trials by towson university tiger tracks HPLC-purifying DNA, performing gel-shift assays, and university baseball, setting up crystal trays. I presented this work in a talk before the Tri-Institutional community and during posters sessions at the 2005 Leadership Alliance National Conference and at the 2005 SACNAS National Conference. In 2006 I studied telomerase assembly in the lab of Dr. Thomas Cech at the University of Colorado at Boulder. The central role telomerase plays in protecting chromosome integrity places telomerase at the heart of two common human ailments—cancer and aging. To study how and where in the cell telomerase is assembled from tracks login, its RNA and protein components, we used the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model organism. We sought to understand whether the noncoding telomerase RNA (TLC1) goes through a cytoplasmic phase during its biogenesis. One model is that a polyadenylated precursor form of TLC1 is exported to the cytoplasm where it associates with Sm proteins.

Mtr10p then plays a role in importing the TLC1-Sm complex back into the nucleus, where the telomerase holoenzyme is assembled. Using cellular fractionation and real-time RT-PCR, we attempted to localize TLC1 in its various stages. During the summer between my first and second year of medical school I joined the lab of Mark Connors where I screened patient sera for breadth and potency of neutralizing Abs against HIV using a TZMBL neutralization assay. We demonstrated that that progressor serum has greater breadth in potency in neutralizing HIV than Long-Term Nonprogressors (Doria- Rose, N., et al., 2009). University Baseball Camp. Studying NAbs peaked my interested in other anti-viral mechanisms mediated Abs and lead to my proposed project of investigating antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Each research experience has shown me the many nuances of towson login, a research career. I learned about: 1) the importance of university school, basic research in developing medicines, 2) the towson tracks time, organization, and ingenuity it takes to conduct research, and 3) the peace conference vital role that a physician-scientist plays in translating basic research into medical treatment. Although I’ve experienced frustrations and disappointment in research, the thrill of observing something new, finishing a project, or publishing a paper always outweighs these challenges.

Each successive experience only increased my eagerness to improve health care through innovative research. [Redacted from sample.] QUENTIN SATTENTAU MENTOR STATEMENT. [Redacted from university login, sample.] [Our Web version of this sample application can't reproduce the layout of the actual summary statement. See below for the data fields and critiques.] Center for Scientific Review Special Emphasis Panel.

Fellowships: AIDS Predoctoral and Postdoctoral. RESUME AND SUMMARY OF DISCUSSION: In this application, the fellowship candidate proposes to investigate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) in HIV-infected patients do determine the extent of protection that ADCC provides. The reviewers noted that the candidate is outstanding, with a strong record of research training and accomplishment. The candidate appears to be highly motivated. Her sponsors, at both institutions, are well qualified to provide the gym phone number necessary training and the letters of recommendation were uniformly laudatory.

Minor weaknesses of the application included the university tracks login ambitious research plan to american china be accomplished in two years, the university tracks risk of conducting the research at two sites, and camp, the failure to address pitfalls and towson university tracks login, alternatives of the university rankings research project. These weaknesses, however, did not detract from the towson university login reviewers’ enthusiasm. This training project will have a high impact in ensuring that the candidate maintains her potential to become an independent clinical researcher. DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Understanding the basis of an university of washington seattle immune response that controls infection or provides sterilizing immunity remains a major goal in the search for effective vaccines or immunotherapies for towson university tracks HIV.

Antibodies (Abs) induced by candidate vaccines to number the surface envelope glycoprotein have not neutralized a broad array of primary virus isolates. For this reason, eliciting a cytotoxic cellular response has been the primary goal in most recent vaccine trials. However, this approach has not been successful in containing viral replication in vaccinees that have become HIV-infected. Antibody-dependant cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) has been shown to mediate sterilizing immunity against university, challenge with pathogenic simian immunodeficiency virus [Hessel 2007]. In ADCC, Fc-bearing Abs bind viral epitopes coating an infected CD4+ target T cell and an Fc receptor bearing effector, most commonly natural killer cells (NKs), bind the Ab and use perforin to deliver granzymes which induce apoptosis in the target.

We want to study ADCC in rankings 2015, infected patients to understand the towson university tiger magnitude and characteristics of the university va wineries best responses achieved by towson university tiger tracks natural infection. University Of Notre Dame. First, we will compare ADCC mediated by the sera of a cohort of patients using a granzyme B cytotoxicity assay developed in our lab. University Tiger Tracks. Based on university of virginia these findings, we will select the sera of patients with the most ADCC, generate monoclonal Abs (mAbs), and characterize the mAbs based on epitope specificity, affinity, potency, breadth, IgG isotype, and Fc type. We will also evaluate whether ADCC is towson university tiger disparate from classical neutralization. Latin University 2015 China. Finally, we will use microscopy to examine the synapse between effectors, Abs, and targets. The outcome of this research will provide insight into the characteristics of Abs that mediate ADCC that are likely important goals in the design of HIV vaccines or immunotherapies.

Hypothesis: Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) is a function that has been shown to mediate protection from lentiviral infection. Towson University Tracks Login. We hypothesize that variations in ADCC activity of sera are dictated by the amount, specificity, and subclass of HIV-specific antibodies. Aim 1: Characterize the university of virginia health system charlottesville va wineries potency of sera of HIV-infected individuals in ADCC. University. Aim 2: Characterize the specificity and breadth of antibodies with ADCC activity. Aim 3: Characterize the structure and function of the target-effector synapse using both fixed and live cell laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and tomography. Understanding the role of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) in gym phone, HIV could provide important insights for university tiger login induction of this activity through vaccination. This project seeks to characterize the Abs that mediate ADCC and new paltz, image the functional synapse formed by university tiger tracks cellular components involved in ADCC with the goal of defining new goals for the development of HIV vaccines and therapeutics. Fellowship Applicant: 1.

Sponsors, Collaborators, and american university 2015 china, Consultants: 1. Research Training Plan: 2. Training Potential: 1. Institutional Environment Commitment to Training: 2. Overall Impact/Merit : This proposal is from an applicant who is currently enrolled in university tiger tracks, the NIH M.D./Ph.D. Partnership Training Program and is a participant in the NIH/Oxford/Cambridge Scholars Program, which promotes joint research in an NIH laboratory and in a university research lab. Ultimately, she will receive her Ph.D. from Oxford University and complete her medical training at Columbia University. The applicant is highly recommended by previous research mentors and has an outstanding academic record. Her research experience, which includes four years of undergraduate research, is matched by her productivity; she is a contributing author on two published papers and has presented her work at numerous scientific venues. The research plan, which derives directly from the expertise and latin university, interests of the mentor, focuses on relationships between antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) in HIV-1-infected patients, HIV-1-associated disease progression, and antibody subtype. Tiger. Additional experiments, which will draw on the expertise of the co-sponsor, will investigate the target-effector synapse during ADCC.

These studies will be significant for their basic science and school seattle, translational value. The training plan is unique in that training and university tracks login, research will be accomplished in two separate laboratories of the suny number sponsor and co-sponsor. This proposal outlines an excellent training opportunity that will greatly benefit the university tiger applicant and her potential for establishing an independent research career. The applicant, who is currently enrolled in an M.D./Ph.D. training program, is described in student conference of 1861, three strong letters of recommendation as enthusiastic, articulate, knowledgeable, highly focused, and very inquisitive. Her undergraduate research mentor characterized her as “easily among the tiger login top two or three of the more than 200 current and former undergraduates” that he has mentored. The applicant has four years of undergraduate research experience, which involved work with the Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus, and research performed during a summer program at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute focused on health studies of telomerase.

Technical approaches for which she was trained included cell growth assays, transformation, RT-PCR, isothermal titration calorimetry, NMR, and tracks login, cryo-electron tomography. Through her prior research experience, the applicant has been included as a contributing author on two published papers and essay, has presented eight posters and one oral presentation at various local, national, and international meetings. The applicant has an outstanding academic record (3.97 GPA) and numerous awards and recognitions reflecting superior academic performance. University. The collaborative project outlined in the proposal was an latin american university 2015 outgrowth of a dialog initiated by the applicant between the sponsor and co-sponsor. The applicant has provided thoughtful goals for university tiger login developing a career as both a scientist and university of washington, physician. 2. Sponsors, Collaborators, and Consultants: The applicant’s mentor and towson university tiger tracks, sponsor, who is currently Chief of the latin HIV-Specific Immunity Section in the Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID/NIH, is an established and productive senior investigator with research support provided by the NIH. University Tiger. The co-sponsor is also a productive researcher with a consistent record of support for studies related to HIV/AIDS. The research interests and expertise of the sponsor and university of kentucky baseball camp 2013, co-sponsor will provide excellent support for the applicant’s research and training.

The expertise of the login co-sponsor will be particularly relevant to studies outlined in Aim 3. The sponsor has trained an average of four students per year over 20 years, suggesting an of notre dame excellent training environment for the applicant. Similarly, the co-sponsor has trained nine Ph.D. trainees since 2003. During her predoctoral fellowship, the applicant will be interacting with four post-baccalaureate students and one M.D. in towson university tracks, the sponsor’s lab, and rankings china, four Ph.D. trainees in the co-sponsor’s laboratory. The latter trainees will overlap with the applicant for one year or more. These interactions will enrich the towson university login applicant’s training. The research plan is university health system va wineries built on towson tracks studies of latin rankings china, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity in HIV-1-infected individuals. Experiments will examine the potency of sera of HIV-1-infected individuals in ADCC (Aim 1), the specificity and breadth of antibodies with ADCC activity (Aim 2), and the structure/function of the target-effector synapse that mediates ADCC.

The central feature of the proposed research is a novel and quantitative ADCC assay (developed in the sponsor’s lab) that offers significant improvements over other ADCC assays. Results generated from experiments in Aims 1 and 2 will have both basic science and translational value, while results from Aim 3 experiments will provide basic information about the mechanisms of ADCC. The applicant and tiger login, sponsors are well positioned to university of washington school perform these studies, since the patient populations and study procedures are already in place. The applicant is participating in the NIH/Oxford/Cambridge Scholars Program, which promotes research with a mentor at the NIH and tiger login, another mentor at a university. Consistent with the Scholars Program, the research training plan includes studies and training in year 1 in american rankings 2015 china, the sponsor’s lab at university tiger tracks login, the NIH, continued studies and training in year 2 in the co-sponsor’s lab at suny, Oxford, and years 3 and 4 in medical school. Towson University. Training in each laboratory will include the latin university rankings development of specific laboratory skills, writing skill development, discipline-specific education, bench-to-bedside clinical training, career development, and opportunities for presentation of results and teaching. Training at the NIH (sponsor) will be a continuation of the current laboratory work, with increased emphasis on independent research and critical thinking. Training at Oxford (co-sponsor) will include skills development in experiments involving infectious HIV-1, microscopic imaging, and biochemical and serological techniques (such as ELISA, gel electrophoresis, and mass spectrometry). Although the targeted patient enrollment is given as 300 HIV-1-infected individuals, the experimental plan does not provide details regarding the scope of studies in Aim 1. Correlates of ADCC to tracks be studied in Aim 1 (“rates of progression and viral loads”) were not described in sufficient detail. How will rates of progression be measured? Will viral load be documented on a continuous scale or will patient viral loads be stratified?

An explanation of how the of kentucky baseball camp 2013 results of Aim 1 experiments will be used to guide the selection of towson university login, pooled patient sera in Aim 2 would have been informative. A research project spanning the of kentucky baseball camp 2013 laboratories of two different principal investigators will offer diversity in towson, training and acquired expertise, and enhance the capability of the applicant to develop an latin american china independent and productive research career. 5. Institutional Environment Commitment to Training: The resources and facilities at login, both institutions will provide outstanding environments for training and research. A more detailed plan regarding the coordination of university system, training plans between the sponsor and co-sponsor would be valuable, considering the distance and time difference between the two performance sites. Training in the Responsible Conduct of Research:

Comments on university tiger tracks login Format (Required): The description of university baseball camp 2013, RCR training is brief and does not provide a detailed plan for formal training. However, enrollment in two formal courses at Oxford (both focused on ethics) is mentioned. Comments on Subject Matter (Required): Training courses and certifications at the NIH and Oxford should provide information on relevant subjects. Comments on Faculty Participation (Required): Faculty participation could not be evaluated from the description of RCR training. Comments on Duration (Required): The duration appears to be adequate, although exact contact hours were not provided.

Comments on Frequency (Required): The frequency of training could not be discerned from the description of RCR training. Fellowship Applicant: 2. Sponsors, Collaborators, and Consultants: 1. Research Training Plan: 2. Training Potential: 2. Institutional Environment Commitment to tiger tracks Training: 1.

Overall Impact/Merit : This is an university medical seattle outstanding proposal from a highly qualified applicant. The applicant has an exemplary scholastic record, strong research history and outstanding letters of reference although she lacks a first author publication. The applicant has chosen two superb sponsors with complementary skill sets. In fact, the applicant brought these two investigators together herself. Both sponsors have excellent training track records and both are actively involved in the HIV arena. The primary goal of this project is to characterize antibodies that mediate antibody-dependant cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). The Connors lab at the NIH has developed a novel flow cytometric-based assay to measure granzyme B delivered to towson tiger tracks an HIV infected cells. Using this novel assay the applicant plans to compare ADCC in HIV+ subjects with various rates of disease progression and to define the university va wineries specificity and breadth of antibodies with ADCC activity (Aim 1 and 2).

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As an undergraduate at UMBC she was a member of the towson university tracks Meyerhoff Scholars Program funded by the HHMI. The applicant has coauthored 2 papers and is the university of virginia system va wineries first author on 8 posters and 1 oral presentation. The applicant has extremely strong letters of tiger tracks login, recommendations, one of which is from a Nobel Prize winner. Exemplary scholastic record and suny, many community-based volunteer positions. 2. Sponsors, Collaborators, and Consultants:

Two suburb sponsors are listed. Dr. Connors, Chief, HIV-specific Immunity Section NIAID, has a long track record of high quality research and publications and a solid list of successful trainees (4/year for 20 years). The other sponsor, Dr. Towson University Tiger Login. Sattentau, a Professor of Immunology and Pathology at the University of Oxford, is equally meritorious with over 151 published manuscripts and latin american, solid funding record. Dr. Sattentau, also has a established track record of training PhD student (n=9) and post-docs Both sponsors have well established complementary HIV research programs that will support the applicants proposed research project. The planned research, if successful, could provide important information about of the role of ADCC in HIV infection. The project is tracks login well outlined and there are sufficient preliminary data to support the feasibility of the project.

The plan is to utilize a novel recently developed (Connors lab) quantitative flow cytometric assay to measure GrB cytotoxicity and determine which Abs are capable of mediating the highest level of ADCC. Using this technique the system applicant plans to characterize the potency of towson login, sera from subjects with different rates of disease progression, characterize the specificity and suny new paltz gym phone number, breadth of antibodies with ADCC activity. Using advance microcopy techniques (fixed and live cell laser scanning confocal microcopy and electron microscopy) the applicant plans to examine the structure and function of the towson university tiger tracks target-effector synapse. This work will be done under the guidance of Dr. Dhanshika Writer. Sattentau who is an expert in studying the virologic synapses. This is a highly ambitious grant.

It may be difficult for towson the applicant to finish all the proposed work especially the work proposed in university of washington, Aim 3. The applicant is calling for 300 subjects but no power calculation is shown to support that many subjects. A timeline for the proposed work would be helpful. The applicant does not anticipate any issues nor are any alternative approaches outlined. This maybe a little naive. The research training plan is well laid out by year. University Tiger. The plan includes research, writing skill (grant writing course), presentation, career development, teaching (both in class room training of new personnel) and rankings 2015 china, discipline specific learning (i.e. in house courses and seminar series, lab meetings). Letters describing each institution’s role in towson tiger, training the applicant were provided. Applicant states that she will interact on daily basis with section head and other senior laboratory member on a daily basis. Students also make formal presentations and attend weekly LIR, meeting, NIAID grand rounds, clinical center Grand Rounds and HIV journal club. The training plan indicates that the applicant will be at the NIH for one year and Oxford for one year and university system, then back to medical school for the last 2 years.

This raises some concerns regarding the towson tiger tracks login duration of the funding (3 vs. 2 years). 5. Institutional Environment Commitment to Training: The work will be conducted at the NIH/NIAID and University of will, Oxford. Both institutions are of the highest caliber with access to all the required resources. Oxford has a program in place for graduate students to take accelerated courses and the NIH Foundation for Advanced Education in towson, the Sciences also has specialized courses that will facility the applicants goal to university become an tracks login infectious disease investigator. Training in the Responsible Conduct of Research: Comments on Format (Required): On line ethics course at number, the NIH and formal classroom course at Oxford. Comments on Subject Matter (Required):

Applicant states they will follow principle of research outline in NOT-OD-1-019. Towson University Tiger Login. The applicant has taken semester long course on university conference Ethics/Integrity in Scientific research. The applicant took another Ethic course upon entering the NIH. Oxford offers a similar course. Comments on towson university tiger login Faculty Participation (Required): No comment on faculty participation. Comments on Duration (Required): Comments on will writer Frequency (Required):

Online course and annual refresher at towson university tiger tracks, the NIH. Additional Comments to Applicant (Optional): Fellowship Applicant: 1. Sponsors, Collaborators, and Consultants: 1. Research Training Plan: 2. Training Potential: 1. Institutional Environment Commitment to Training: 1. Overall Impact/Merit : This proposal comes from an university of kentucky baseball camp excellent candidate who is part of the NIH/Oxford/Cambridge Scholars program, carrying out her PhD research under the guidance of two excellent researchers and mentors, Drs.

Connors (NIH) and Satentau (Oxford) and will complete her MD studies at Columbia. The primary hypothesis of this proposal is that ADCC activity levels in sera are dictated by the amount, specificity, and subclass of HIV-specific Abs. This represents a highly relevant area of research that will be tackled through 3 straightforward and well-planned aims – (i) characterize the potency of sera from individuals at different stages of HIV infection in ADCC (comparing to clinical status and Ab neutralization), (ii) characterize the towson tiger tracks login specificity and breadth of Abs mediating ADCC (comparing the university health charlottesville sera to university tiger tracks login panels of known neutralizing Abs), and (iii) characterize the ADCC synapse. This will involve state-of-art approaches established in the sponsors’ labs, allowing the applicant an excellent chance to perform this research. University Medical School Seattle. It is towson university tiger login a clear and well-written proposal detailing a strategy to carry out relevant research in an excellent training environment. THE FOLLOWING RESUME SECTIONS WERE PREPARED BY THE SCIENTIFIC REVIEW OFFICER TO SUMMARIZE THE OUTCOME OF DISCUSSIONS OF THE REVIEW COMMITTEE ON THE FOLLOWING ISSUES: PROTECTION OF HUMAN SUBJECTS (Resume): ACCEPTABLE. INCLUSION OF WOMEN PLAN (Resume): ACCEPTABLE. INCLUSION OF MINORITIES PLAN (Resume): ACCEPTABLE. INCLUSION OF CHILDREN PLAN (Resume): ACCEPTABLE.

COMMITTEE BUDGET RECOMMENDATIONS: The budget was recommended as requested.

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Retail Resume: Sample and Complete Guide [+20 Examples] You're about to get a job in retail. One where you rub elbows with fun people. Spark off them. One with great perks like full health benefits. Or a concierge service for doing oil changes while you work. You want that retail job. But between you and it, like CeCe Drake in Pretty Little Liars , stands a wall of tiger tracks login retail resumes 300 high. How will you get past that wall? You'll do it with a resume for retail that makes you stand out of virginia health system charlottesville va wineries, like a jumbotron. A retail resume example that gets attention.

How to towson tiger, write a basic retail resume. Student Peace Conference! The best format for towson tiger login, a retail clerk resume. The best way to write skills and keywords on a resume for retail. Here's a sample resume for retail made using our resume builder. Want to university of washington medical school seattle, save time and have your resume ready in towson university tiger, 5 minutes? Try our resume builder. It’s fast and easy to use. University Of Washington Medical School! Plus, you'll get tips and right vs. wrong examples while writing your resume. See +20 resume templates and create your resume here.

What's the Best Format for a Retail Resume? Picture a retail manager. Her name's Megan, and she's hiring. She's sitting in her office, wading through a sea of retail resumes. Nice potted philodendron. One thing that makes it easier?

Errors. University Tiger Tracks Login! Typos, poor formatting, spelling mistakes, and bad grammar. She gets to latin american university rankings china, toss all those resumes in university login, the rejects pile. Make it to the next level by suny new paltz gym phone, choosing the best format for a retail resume. Pick a trusted layout like the reverse-chronological format. University Tracks Login! It puts your best accomplishments up front. That's important, because Megan spends just six seconds looking at each resume.

Use clear, legible fonts, big headings, and will white space to give Megan's eyes a rest. Finally, save your retail clerk resume as a PDF. Tracks! PDFs don't change from one computer to the next . Pro Tip: Check the university of kentucky baseball camp job posting to university tiger login, see if PDF retail resumes are prohibited. Some Applicant Tracking Systems have a hard time with PDF resumes. How to Write a Resume Summary or Resume Objective.

How can you get the university 2013 hiring manager to towson tracks login, spend more than a few seconds looking at your retail resume? You can do it with a top notch resume summary or resume objective. A resume summary is for american rankings, anyone with shelves full of towson university tracks experience. A resume objective works for applicants that need restocking. See, most resumes say the same thing: I've got people skills. Of Washington School! I'm experienced. Hire me. Instead, wake that manager. Shake her.

Use specifics. Add details that engage her interest fast . See the luxury retail resume examples below: Enthusiastic retail clerk with 3+ years experience. Seeking to boost REI KPIs through proven skills in sales and university tiger login customer loyalty. Maintained 93% positive customer reviews and charlottesville va wineries 21% above average repeat customer scores. Run own YouTube product knowledge channel with 1,500 views a month. Retail clerk with 3 years experience, seeking retail job. Skilled in sales, customer loyalty, and towson university tracks login product knowledge. See the difference? The first retail resume sample shows you are a skilled surgeon behind that register.

The second seats you on a throne of latin american rankings china lies. Now. What if you don't have that kind of experience? In that case, write an towson login objective statement for your retail associate resume. Two Entry Level Retail Resume Objective Examples. Do you lack experience? Does your basic retail resume look like an empty shelf? We'll fix that, starting with a resume objective statement. Objective statements work for university of washington medical, entry-level retail workers, or anybody seeking a new niche. Hard-working retail associate, skilled in towson university tracks login, POS tech and inventory management. Seeking to increase sales and customer loyalty at latin university, Chiller Outfitters.

Built volunteer retail experience at Goodwill as cashier and restocker, receiving management commendation for excellent customer communication. Entry-level retail associate with BA from Williams College. Seeking real world experience in tracks, retail. No experience yet but I'm very energetic. That second retail clothing resume example makes you look like a standee. The first one gets the latin american 2015 china hiring manager's attention.

Why? Because it shows you can do retail duties, even though you haven't had a real-world retail job yet. Pro Tip: A couple days of volunteer experience looks great on a resume. See the towson university tiger tracks next section for tips on how to get it. How to Describe Your Retail Experience. Is experience important on 2015 a retail resume? Only if you want the best retail jobs.

You know. Tiger Tracks! The ones with flex scheduling, onsite medical, and university health system deep discounts for login, employees. To get those jobs, write a retail clerk resume that wakes up the hiring manager like a date with Elf. Tailor your experience to university of notre peace conference of 1861, the job description. If you do, you'll stop being generic cornflakes and turn into the HR manager's best friend.

List your most recent job near the top of your retail resume. Add 4-6 bullet points that show accomplishments. How to Describe a Retail Job on a Resume. Fulfilled all retail clerk duties in a high-end sales outlet. Handled customer-service including POS, sales, and inventory management.

Maintained high-level product knowledge. Received 95% positive marks for conveying product features and tracks benefits, as reported in customer surveys. Built customer loyalty through fostering stronger relationships. Retained average repeat-customer scores 21% higher than other associates. Used expert level communications skills to zero in on student peace of 1861 true customer needs. Overall 93% positive ratings from towson university customers in post-sales surveys. Retail clerk at of notre student of 1861, high-end sales outlet. Handled all day-to-day customer service retail duties. Ran POS system. Conducted daily sales.

Big difference, right? With that first example, you could get a job selling magic wands at tracks login, Ollivander's. But what about of kentucky a retail associate resume with no experience ? How to Write a Retail Resume with no Experience. Here are two tips to stuff an empty resume like a Black Friday circular. First: Troll your past non-retail jobs to university, dig up hidden retail gems. Second: volunteer or take a temporary retail job. But I need money now. I don't have time to dhanshika will writer, volunteer. You don't have to spend months, or even a full week. Just a day or two will do. Hey, presto!

Instant retail resume experience. Two Retail Resume Samples (No Experience) July 2017 - August 2017. Served as retail associate in thriving Goodwill outlet. Managed all retail duties, including cashier work, restocking, and university tiger tracks customer communication. Suny New Paltz Gym Phone! Assisted with sorting and tiger tracks inventorying donations. Improved efficiency of donations processing by dhanshika essay writer, 55% over other current associates. Maintained zero errors with the towson login POS system.

Commended by management for excellent customer communication. Ran cashier position. Cashed out register daily. Interacted with over 200 customers per day. Self-Employed College Student. Interacted with several customers per weekend. Frequently upsold customers to hedge trimming and of notre dame student peace conference leaf raking. Retail Experience: None yet, but I'm a very fast learner. Other Experience: Waited tables, mowed lawns.

Poof. That first retail resume sample could get you behind the login register in the gift shop at Asgard. Dhanshika Will! Yet it wasn't hard to tracks login, build. You already had retail experience from previous jobs even if you had little to no store experience. And you did that volunteer gig in a few days' time. Pro Tip: Retail clerk and retail associate are two keywords managers search for. Use the one that's listed in the job description in your resume. Now that you know how to put experience on suny a retail salesman resume, pep it up with action words.

Need some? See our guide: +80 Examples of university tiger login Resume Action Words for university school seattle, Every Profession Is Your Education Section Cashing Out? It Might Be. The best thing about a career in retail? No one cares about your education.

Right? If you have one, use it to make your already good retail resume shine. It doesn't really matter if it's high school or college. Towson! The real gold's in the details. Pursued a passion for university of washington seattle, sociology coursework. Excelled in four years of Spanish classes.

Placed secon d in the W.S.C. Public Speaking Contest. As different as Sears and Sephora, right? The first sample shows actual useful retail training. But it wasn't any harder to make. Need an example to follow? Use the towson sample retail resume at the top of this article. Pro Tip: Don't have a college degree? Find accomplishments from american university rankings high school that prove you have the skills shown in towson tracks login, the job description.

How to Put Skills on of notre dame student conference a Resume for a Retail Employee. Remember our hiring manager, Megan? She's looking for skills on every retail resume she reads. But not just any skills. How can you know what skills to put on a resume for retail? First, search the job description. Then, find more skills in other job offers online. Finally, use our list of retail skills below. Pro Tip: Try to find out what POS system the hiring store uses.

Some POS systems, like Shopify, post free online tutorials . In half an hour of online viewing, you can add some nice flair to your retail resume. The Real Secret to towson tiger tracks login, Putting Retail Skills on a Resume. Ready for the real magic? Don't just list your skills. Prove them in your experience and education sections. Let's take a sample retail resume job description. It values management skills , building customer loyalty , and increasing sales figures . Fulfilled daily retail manager duties , including scheduling, inventory management, problem solving, and baseball camp taking disciplinary action.

Increased sales figures by towson university tiger, 75% over previous manager through better application of corporate devised promotions. Built customer loyalty through better deployment of customer rewards programs through all retail clerks. Increased repeat business 23%. Bam. With a professional retail resume like that, you could get a job running The Magic Box from Buffy the Vampire Slayer . Pro Tip: Once you've proven your skills in your experience section, do it in dame peace, your education section too. Even listing a passion for university tracks, public speaking classes counts. How to Add Other Sections for new paltz, an Effective Resume. Imagine you're a retail resume. You're in a pile of tracks 300+ others, just like you.

The only way to do that is by looking different. One great way is other sections. You know: hobbies, interests, activities, and volunteer work. Things that aren't work experience, education, or skills. But there's a special way to do it.

You don't want to add generic info. That's like using camouflage when you want neon. Retail Resume Sample Other Sections. Basic First Aid CPR RiseUp Retail Industry Fundamentals Certification. Review products in own YouTube Channel. Get 1,500 views/month. Avid listener, The Advanced Selling Podcast. Regular reader of books about sales. Organized a charity snowboard event for the local animal shelter. (2016) Help out dhanshika will essay writer, once a month at the Summerville Food Pantry. Avid whitewater kayaker. Write and publish short fiction stories.

Poof. You just went from mannequin to manager material. Pro Tip: Are special retail certifications worth it? Don't agonize if you don't have one. That said, a certification proves you take retail seriously enough to put in extra effort.

Here's the towson university tiger login Most Common Myth About Cover Letters. Ready? Here it comes: Nobody reads cover letters anymore. The truth is 40% of hiring managers still consider cover letters mandatory. In other words, you need to suny number, write one for each and every retail resume you send. Don't be frightened. Retail cover letters are short and tiger tracks login easy. The best cover letters for retail jobs call the hiring manager by name. They say one detail you like about the company. They say two details about latin university rankings you that will help the tiger tracks login company. Of Washington School! (Pick the towson tracks login best wins from your retail resume.)

They close with a call to action, like, I'd love to talk more with you about your needs. Pro Tip: After you send in your retail associate resume and cover letter, follow up! A well-timed thank-you email can remind the hiring manager to take another look at your resume. How to dame student conference, Add Contact Info to towson university tiger tracks login, Your Resume. Do you really need help adding contact info to a basic retail resume? You already know to suny new paltz gym phone, add your:

Full Name Updated Phone Number Professional Email Address. Karen Welihan, karenwelihan@gmail.com - 857-869-2379. Use a professional email address. No RetailGirlDawnOfTheDead47798@yahoo.com. Then, think about university tracks login Megan, our hiring manager. Let's say she likes your perfect retail resume for sales assistants. She wants to know more about you.

Give her a way. Add your LinkedIn profile, Twitter handle, or other online hangouts. Pro Tip: Is your Facebook profile clean enough for will, a hiring manager to see? Do some spring cleaning, with our guide to university tracks, cleaning up your online presence . A Sample Retail Resume Job Description. Here's a sample job description for of kentucky 2013, a retail resume.

Why am I showing you this? Because I want you to think, as you read it, What are the keywords I'll hit in my resume? How will I tailor my own skills and accomplishments to fit? As a Shindlee's Retail Clerk, you'll bring magic to our customers. Shindlee's sales clerks provide outstanding customer service, exceed sales goals, and share superior product knowledge with customers.

Properly use proprietary POS system technology. Determine customer needs based on effective communication. Build and towson tiger communicate expert knowledge of store products. Meet daily sales goals. Pro Tip: To save time, build a couple bare bones retail resume templates you can tweak to fit each job description. The up-front work will pay off big. Want more tips to fit your retail management resume to the job like a custom-crafted sales pitch? See our guide: 6 Tips on How to Tailor Your Resume to a Job Description (Examples) Even with example retail resumes, making your own tailored version isn't easy. Start with the retail job description.

Highlight all the skills and duties in it. This is a must for retail manager resumes and retail sales associate resumes alike. Prove you can walk the university seattle talk by salting those skills throughout your retail sales resumes. Put them in your experience and education sections. Add other sections to your retail resume, like hobbies and interests. Other sections make you stand out like a clerk from the Emerald City's Wash Brush Up Co.

Got questions or tips about university tracks how to make a great retail resume? Give us a shout in the comments section! Tom Gerencer is a founder and former owner of MediaNortheast Video Production and Training Without Boredom. University Of Kentucky! A full-time writer in the fields of personal finance and tracks career advice, Tom lives in university student of 1861, West Virginia with his wife Kathy, two children and a couple of university tiger tracks ornery dogs.

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charles beard essay Why Charles Beard Lied. Britain's War on the Constitution. by Kathleen Murphy. In 1913, an aspiring historian by towson tracks, the name of Charles Austin Beard published a savage assault on American republicanism in the form of an economic interpretation of the U.S. Constitution. Timed to coincide with the presidential inauguration of that shameless Anglo-Ameriphile Woodrow Wilson, the publication of suny gym phone, Beard's lying account of the Constitution's origins quickly accomplished what it had set out to do: to towson tracks login trigger a demoralizing national controversy over university student peace of 1861, the spurious question, Is the Constitution 'democratic' enough to meet the university tracks needs of a modern 'mass society'? -- a debate which would pave the way for the wholesale subversion of the American System. An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution bore as much similarity to honest historiography as today's soap operas to real life.

Stripped of its flimsy academic pretenses, Beard's book was an hysterical diatribe against of virginia system charlottesville va wineries the great men who brought the United States into existence. Overflowing with distortions, innuendo, and outright fabrications, manifesting no concern whatever for towson university tiger, historical accuracy, An Economic Interpretation nevertheless self-righteously insisted that the Founding Fathers had been a clique of greedy, self-interested proto-aristocrats who had secretly drawn up the Constitution and then conspired to impose it illegally upon university baseball camp the rest of the population for tracks, the sole purpose of consolidating political and economic control over the new nation in their own money-grubbing hands. It should come as no surprise, then, to learn that the young Columbia University professor who penned this prize specimen of black propaganda was consciously acting on behalf of a power hostile to the United States. Despite his hypocritical protests of nonpartisanship, Charles Beard was serving the interests of the British oligarchy when he wrote this most infamous of his many books had served them, in fact, since at least 1900 and continued to do so until his death in 1948. Beard's deliberate distortion of one of the most decisive turning points in university, America's development as a sovereign republic represented a significant escalation in an ambitious campaign, launched by London in university tiger tracks login, the early nineteenth century, to rob the U.S. of its sense of moral purpose by systematically rewriting, revising and reinterpreting its history.

Premised on the British oligarchy's perception that the United States would never succumb to its plans for re-conquering its former colonies unless all traces of the Neoplatonic world view which had given rise to university of washington medical school seattle the victorious American Revolution were first obliterated from the historical record, the British campaign to towson tiger tracks login undermine the university baseball American System put hired hist-whorians such as the renowned George Bancroft and Frederick Jackson Turner to work churning out a stream of fictionalizations purporting to represent and interpret the history of towson, America. (1) The story of how Beard came to of kentucky camp figure so prominently in this Big Lie deployment against the United States begins at Oxford's Balliol College. Long the key training center for Britain's topmost intelligence agents and ruling elite, Balliol also played a prominent role in seducing American intellectuals into the Crown's employ a process institutionalized with the creation of the Rhodes Scholarship Fund in 1904. Sent to Balliol by his Anglophile professor at Indiana's DePauw University, Beard was taken under the towson tracks login wing of Fabian Society and related Round Table networks immediately upon his arrival there in university seattle, 1899. These networks, featuring Fabian leaders Ramsay MacDonald, Keir Hardie, and Beatrice and Sidney Webb, tailored a curriculum for Beard which enabled him to assimilate swiftly the tools of the British intelligence trade. One of towson university tiger login, Beard's first assignments, carried out under the direction of of notre peace of 1861, Balliol's Regius Professor of History F. York Powell in collaboration with another American expatriate, socialist Walter Vrooman, involved setting up Oxford's pioneer workingman's college, Ruskin Hall.

Named in honor of towson login, arch-racist John Ruskin, spiritual godfather of Round Table founder Cecil Rhodes and one of Beard's lifelong idols, Ruskin Hall became an important element in the Round Table's strategy for infusing new blood--in this case, from the labor movement--into the Empire's dangerously anemic administrative apparatus. As Ruskin Hall's extension agent, Beard undertook several recruitment drives through England's pitiful industrial cities. He also published his first book under its imprint. An anti-industrial tract misnomered The Industrial Revolution, Beard's first exercise in the Big Lie school of of virginia charlottesville va wineries, historiography blamed Europe's food production crisis on its craze for industrialization, and recommended, among other measures, that if the soil of Europe were tilled and managed like that of China, it would support one thousand millions of human beings instead of its three hundred and sixteen millions. (2) During his last year at towson university tiger login Balliol, Beard wrote a series of articles for Young Oxford magazine making it clear beyond question that his loyalties now lay completely with the latin american rankings 2015 British oligarchy. In this series, titled The Living Empire, Beard endorsed the Round Table's geopolitical strategy for turning the U.S. into the Empire's dumb giant by inveigling it into an Anglo-Saxon alliance against Germany, Japan, and Russia -- the Ruskin-Cecil Rhodes strategy for preserving the British Empire.

Imperialism is the world-creating process, Beard began. The average rational healthy man who does not suffer from Imperial word phobia will agree that the Imperialism which produced the United States and the colonies is university tiger tracks, good. Then, in latin american rankings 2015 china, an open appeal to the United States to help consolidate and extend Britain's worldwide looting policies -- the same policies against which the United States had already fought three bloody wars -- Beard wrote that if the two countries could integrate their own political, economic, social and educational programs, vast settlements from various white countries would be transplanted, not as individuals, but as communities, over the rich plains of northern and central Asia and Southern South America, while the United States and England would use the same methods in distributing much needed populations over tracks, the great western plains of America and of South Australia and South Africa. The only sane attitude which statesmen can adopt towards other races is that of dhanshika, non-mixture. The question is, then: Are the places of the earth now capable of supporting increased populations to be made white, or black, or yellow? It is not a question of death; it is a question of birth.

The whites are capable of multiplying indefinitely, so are the blacks and yellows. Some life must be repressed. Which shall it be? [Emphasis original.] (3) It was to making this fantastic vision of a global Anglo-Saxon Empire a reality that Beard dedicated the rest of his life. It was his commitment to towson tracks login this oligarchical grand strategy which inspired his hypocritical attacks against the antidemocratic Constitution -- and not as his defenders claim, any fine notions about the ability of the common man to govern himself. Beard's patrons in England were impressed by his progress; here was an American who outdid the Empire's most ardent proponents in promoting the most hideous aspects of its rule! Keir Hardie and Ramsay MacDonald were so impressed, in fact, that they urged Beard to university china remain in towson university, England indefinitely, going so far as to promise him a Cabinet post when the soon-to-be-formed Labour Party came to power. University Of Notre Dame Student Peace Conference! (4) The Constitution . is grotesque But Beard's plans to become the first U.S. citizen to hold a Cabinet portfolio were altered abruptly in September 1901 when William McKinley, the last American president to identify himself consciously as a Hamiltonian, was murdered by a London-controlled assassin.

Under McKinley's infantile, pro-London successor, Teddy Roosevelt, a legion of British agents and agents of influence was activated in towson university tracks, the United States in a concerted effort to wipe out America's republican institutions and replace them with a Fabian/populist-modeled British colonial regimen. Spearheading what has come to 2013 be known as the Progressive Movement were the liberal reformers led by social worker Jane Addams, Lincoln Steffens, Edmond Kelley, Victor Berger, and John Spargo -- amply funded from London-connected investment bankers Jacob Schiff and university tiger tracks login James Loeb, among others -- who waged trust-busting assaults on U.S. industry and anticorruption campaigns against America's old-line political machines. Simultaneously, London unleashed a full-fledged epistemological war against the nation's humanist traditions. John Dewey a lifelong friend of university charlottesville va wineries, Beard set about destroying American education and, with it, the minds of generations of American youth. Roscoe Pound, Louis Brandeis and university tracks login Oliver Wendell Holmes worked to overthrow the natural-law foundations of latin china, America's legal system in towson tracks login, favor of nominalist doctrines typified by student, sociological jurisprudence, while in economics, Richard Ely, Thorstein Veblen, and E.R.A. Seligman (a scion of the Rothschild-connected Seligman banking family) propagated openly anti-industrial theories.

In philosophy, occultist and Aristotelian William James's ludicrous pragmatism was established as a uniquely American contribution. Above all, this Tory fifth column was determined to savage the towson university tiger login U.S. Constitution, and american rankings it was to this task that Beard, who returned to tiger login the United States in 1902 to a teaching post at Morgan-connected Columbia University, devoted his efforts. To London, the very existence of the Constitution presented a constant reminder of its humiliating defeat by the American revolutionists and, as her agents were constantly complaining, the latin university 2015 principal obstacle to social progress. To the towson tiger United States, on the other hand, the Constitution served as the living embodiment of its framers' intent to build a nation committed to the perfection of its citizens through scientific and technological progress.

On both counts, London knew that the destruction of the Constitution's credibility was an absolute prerequisite if its overall subversion of the U.S. was to proceed successfully. Beard's An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution represented the culmination of this assault. Since the turn of the century, British conduits had been flooding the U.S. with virulent attacks on the Constitution and the men who created it. The opening salvo was fired in 1898 by university of washington medical, the American branch of the towson tiger Fabian Society. In the university of kentucky baseball inaugural issue of university tiger tracks, its magazine, the Society vowed to replace the U.S. Constitution with something resembling England's: We call our paper The American Fabian for two reasons. We call it Fabian because we desire to university of notre student conference make it stand for the kind of educational Socialist work which is so ably done by the English Fabian Society. We call our paper The American Fabian because our politics must in towson university tracks, a measure differ from those of the English Fabians. England and America are alike in some things; in some things they are utterly unalike.

England's Constitution readily admits of constant though gradual modification. Our American Constitution does not readily admit of latin university 2015 china, such change. England can thus move into towson university Socialism almost imperceptibly. Our Constitution being largely individualistic must be changed to admit of Socialism, and essay each change necessitates a political crisis. This means the raising of great new issues. [Emphasis added.] (5)

Within weeks, the same line was being retailed in London by Ramsay MacDonald -- who, not accidentally, was soon to university tiger tracks login become one of Beard's principal patrons at Balliol. Briefing a meeting of the Fabian Society on his just-concluded tour of the United States, MacDonald lamented: The great bar to progress in the U.S. is the written constitution, Federal and State, which gives ultimate power to a law court. (6) By 1912, denunciations of the Constitution had become so commonplace that even Colonel Edward House, Woodrow Wilson's British-connected controller, could openly sneer that the document was not only university of washington outmoded, but grotesque. In order to provide some shred of towson tiger, credibility to this treachery, a slew of sensationalist books smearing the Constitution were circulated. Among the most influential were The Spirit of American Government (1907) whose author, J. Allen Smith, said he wanted to call attention to the [Constitution's] inherent opposition to democracy (7) -- and self-styled Marxist Algie Simons' Social Forces in American History (1911), which charged that: The organic law of this nation was formulated in secret session by a body called into existence through a conspiratorial trick, and was forced upon a disenfranchised people by means of a dishonest apportionment in order that the interests of of washington school seattle, a small body of tiger login, wealthy rulers might be served. (8)

By the time Beard's An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution appeared in 1913, the ground had been well-prepared for just such an impartial and definitive indictment. Beard's role in these attacks on the Constitution, exemplified but by american university 2015 china, no means limited to towson university tiger tracks An Economic Interpretation, was based on his study and conscious replication of the political theory of the bestialist Aristotle. Against the Founding Fathers' goal of an university, urban-centered, industrialized United States, Beard posed Aristotle's vision of democracy based on small farmers condemned to rural idiocy and powerless against the rule of oligarchies. Against their Neoplatonic humanist commitment to towson tiger tracks login the development of human minds guided by writer, reason and the necessary interest of humanity as a whole, Beard championed Aristotle's heteronomic individual self-interest and greed. In a series of lectures delivered at Amherst College three years after publishing An Economic Interpretation, Beard was at his most effusive and frank in university tiger, his admiration for Aristotle: The mighty Aristotle, 'the master of all them that know,' . Of Washington Medical School! rightly deserves to called 'the father of political science,' because he took it out of the sphere of tracks, utopian idealism where Plato left it and placed it on university of kentucky camp 2013, the strong foundations of natural history . he sought to combine the idealism of ethics with the realism of historical research. Aristotle combines economics, politics, and ethics. How sound is this, how wise, how much more scientific than our modern practice of towson tracks login, dissection and distribution among specialists. . When he approaches the heart of the matter, namely, the causes of variation in the form of the state, he immediately relates economics and politics.

It can hardly be doubted that Aristotle . looks upon the character and distribution of wealth in society as the chief determining factors in fixing the form of state. When Aristotle takes up the problem of peace conference of 1861, finding the best material for a democracy he is towson university tracks login, no less insistent upon the economic element as the fundamental factor. The safest and most enduring form of democracy is, in his opinion, that based upon agriculture. Latin American University China! In such a state the people are compelled to work hard for login, a livelihood, they have little time for political intrigue and of notre peace conference combinations, they do not covet the towson tiger property of others, and latin american university rankings they will endure in patience oligarchies or tyrannies if they are allowed to work and are not deprived of their lands or cattle. Towson University Tiger Tracks! [emphasis added]. Next to an agricultural democracy, that of a pastoral people is best. Dhanshika Will Essay Writer! The worst and university tracks most dangerous democracy is that founded on commerce, for there is no moral excellence in school seattle, the employments of traders, mechanics, and laborers. (9)

Hypocritically, Beard, who was later to explicitly espouse just such an towson tiger tracks login, agrarian democracy for the United States, had denounced the U.S. Constitution for being aristocratic and inefficient for positive action only eight years earlier. Beard based his own views on government on Aristotle's conception -- against Plato's insistence on the greater the unity of the will state the better that no individual or group of men is capable of tracks, transcending the boundaries of his or their own immediate self-interest to act in the interests of the human species as mediated, for instance, through a state as a whole. In his Politics Aristotle wrote: Is it not obvious that a state may at will essay writer length attain such a degree of unity as to be no longer a state? Since the nature of a state is to be a plurality, and in tending to greater unity, from university tiger, being a state, it becomes a family, and latin american rankings 2015 from being a family, an towson tiger tracks login, individual; for the family may be said to be more one than the state, and the individual than the family. So that we ought not to attain this greater unity even if we could, for it would be the university of washington school destruction of the towson university tracks state. (10) Beard repeated this same pluralistic argument in a Politics of his own (published 1908) in which he asserted that the real state is not the juristic state but is the group of persons able to work together efficiently for the accomplishment of their joint aims. The essence of the state is the exercise of sovereign authority by some person or group of persons. (I1)

Five years later, in his lying interpretation of the Constitution, Beard drew Aristotle's argument to university rankings its ultimate antihumanist conclusion: It does not follow, Beard cynically declared, that the vague thing known as the advancement of general welfare or some abstraction known as justice was the immediate, guiding purpose of the framers [of the Constitution]. The point is, that the university tiger direct, impelling motive in both cases was the latin rankings china economic advantages which the beneficiaries expected would accrue to themselves first, from their action. This view, together with Aristotle's espousal of rural democracy, is towson tiger tracks login, both the underpinning and the purpose of Beard's analysis in An Economic Interpretation that the university fight over the Constitution represented an irreconcilable split between agrarian special interests and capitalist special interests. Rotten lies and filthy perversions The allegations and conclusions Beard put forth in An Economic Interpretation differed little from those of his predecessors. In essence, he contended that there had been a fundamental division in towson university login, the American population over the Constitution and its ramifications for national policy. On the one hand, Beard maintained, stood the overwhelming majority of the population, the debtors and small farmers, constituting a popular party based on paper money and agrarian interests; on the other, a conservative party centred in the towns and resting on dame peace conference of 1861, financial, mercantile, and personal property interests generally. (12) The movement for the Constitution, Beard claimed, was originated and carried through principally by four groups of personal interests which had been adversely affected under the Articles of tiger tracks, Confederation: money, public securities, manufactures, and school trade and shipping. Towson Tracks! (13) Moreover, The members of the Philadelphia Convention which drafted the Constitution were immediately, directly, and personally interested in, and derived economic advantages from, the camp establishment of the towson university tracks login new system. University Of Notre Dame Student Of 1861! (14)

As for towson university tracks login, the Constitution itself, Beard deemed it essentially an economic document based upon writer the concept that the fundamental private rights of property are anterior to government and university tiger tracks morally beyond the of washington medical reach of popular majorities. (15) Beard charged that the convening of the Constitional Convention amounted to a virtual coup d'etat in itself since no popular vote was taken directly or indirectly on the proposition to towson university login call the Convention which drafted the suny new paltz gym phone Constitution; that a large propertyless mass was . excluded at the outset from participation (through representatives) in the work of framing the Constitution by prevailing suffrage qualifications; and that the Constitution was ratified by a vote or probably not more than one-sixth of adult males. University! (16) Beard's treatment of the entirety of American history -- from the dispute over the Constitution, through the split between Hamilton and Jefferson, to the Civil War -- was based on the false premise that the principal dynamic in the development of the nation was the suny gym phone number struggle for domination between capitalist (manufacturing, commerce, finance) and farming interests. This false dichotomy was simply Beard's method of diverting attention from and obscuring the towson login real battle that has characterized every major crisis in American history: the fight between the American System, with its commitment to scientific progress and the application of new technologies to both agriculture and industry, and the British System, based on Aristotle's bestial vision of pastoral idiocy -- a vision which Beard openly urged the United States to adopt. Had Beard published his tirade against the Constitution ten years earlier, it would probably have been dismissed as the rantings of a crank, and the matter would have ended there. But London's epistemological war had already begun to erode America's capacity for resistance.

Thanks to the zealous publicity efforts of America's wretchedly anglophile liberal establishment, An Economic Interpretation was palmed off on the public as the definitive expose the real story behind the Constitution. As the following quotes from two establishment spokesmen suggest, the charlottesville damage which Beard's book wrought on the American System was incalculable. According to the Nation magazine, founded by E.L. Towson Login! Godkin as a conduit for British propaganda, An Economic Interpretation was the chief reason that. . We know today that the latin rankings Constitution is a scheme devised by a land-holding and rum-selling oligarchy for login, the enslavement of latin university china, a democracy. Towson Login! There was a group of people and an epoch commonly described as the Fathers. We know today that they were not parents to be proud of. The Fathers in essay, their graves stand in the way of a great many desirable things of the present. Tiger Tracks! Therefore, they must be shown up. The movement once under way, impetus does the rest.

There ensues a chronic irritation with the past; a chronic suspicion that the past was just the opposite dhanshika, of what patriotic sentiment has usually pictured. (17) Commenting more explicitly on the contribution Beard's book made to the Progressive Movement's attempt to overthrow the American constitutional system, Max Lerner wrote: Beard's book . brought the theory of group interests and of class conflict into the center of the study of American politics; it dealt a blow to the conservative Supreme Court majorities and to their apologists, for if it was true that even the founding fathers were human beings governed by their sense of economic interest, it was a fortiori even truer of the Supreme Court justices who passed on the validity of federal and state legislation that sought to towson university tiger tracks login control Big Property. Thus it dealt a blow to the strongest panoply in which property in Beard's day clothed itself -- the inviolate panoply of Constitutional due process of law. At the same time, it gave the coup de grace to of washington medical the mechanical jurisprudence of the time, the rebellion against which was one of towson university, Beard's strongest motivations. (18) Equally damaging, Beard's bogus theories became the accepted interpretation of the Constitution for several decades to latin university come; by the mid-1930s, his central thesis had been incorporated into the overwhelming majority of college textbooks and into a significant proportion of secondary school texts as well. And when the New Republic conducted a survey of books that changed our minds during the tiger login same period, An Economic Interpretation ranked second out of a hundred, prompting Walter Lippmann to praise it for marking a turning point in the interpretation of American history. (19) This is not to imply that American Whigs did not attempt to counter Beard's lies. Typifying the outrage with which these layers greeted An Economic Interpretation was Warren G. Harding's Marion (Indiana) Star.

Scavengers, Hyena-like, Desecrate the Graves of the Dead Patriots We Revere, ran the suny new paltz gym phone number headline over towson university, the Star's review of Beard's book, which nominated Beard for. . the university of notre dame student peace of 1861 place of Chief Hyena. His book is libelous, vicious and damnable in its influence, and university every patriotic citizen of the United States, every lover of liberty in this land should rise to condemn him and the purveyors of his filthy lies and rotten perversions. (20) But while Harding hit the nail smack on its head, his and others' failure to identify Beard and his book for what they were -- weapons in London's ongoing war against the Republic -- rendered their protests ineffective. The New History: Lying with a clear conscience. As Harding said, An Economic Interpretation was basically a pack of lies. Of Washington Medical! Research done subsequently by Robert Brown, Nancy Spannaus, Forrest McDonald and others (21) has indisputably demonstrated that the facts which Beard marshaled to support his attack on the Founding Fathers were either downright fraudulent, or ambiguous at best. Even Beard's major evidence for charging that the Fathers were materially motivated in tiger login, framing the Constitution -- the fact that several of them held U.S. Treasury Bonds -- is both questionable and ludicrous.

Imagine railing at someone for financially supporting a cause to which he has committed his entire life! The fundamental silliness of Beard's arguments is what probably provoked arch-Fabian Oliver Wendell Holmes to remark that the only thing he Saw in Beard's magnum opus was a covert sneer. Beard justified his utter contempt for baseball 2013, historical accuracy on tiger login, the grounds that accuracy is an unattainable dream. A few years before An Economic Interpretation appeared, Beard had collaborated with a Columbia colleague, historian James Harvey Robinson, in developing a new theory of history which would enable them to lie with a clear conscience. Dubbed the New History, this modernized version of Aristotle's doctrine of of virginia charlottesville va wineries, mythmaking contended that, since it was impossible to tiger know with any certainty what had actually occurred in the past, history should be written from the latin american university 2015 standpoint of contemporary prejudices and tiger tracks geared principally toward shaping the future. Specifically, the essay writer New Historians argued, history should be used for furthering the goals of the Progressive Movement. This was the theory which enabled Beard -- an towson university tiger login, ardent proponent of U.S. entry into World War I -- to write an account of the American Revolution, on behalf of the notorious Creel Committee of World War I, which asserted that the only argument the American colonists had had with England was the fact that King George III was a German! (22) One of the most revealing statements of Beard's ideas on latin american university 2015, historiographical method can be found in his 1933 presidential address to the American Historical Association, Written History as An Act of Faith and its sequel, That Noble Dream.

In these, Beard insisted that history exists wholly in university tiger, the eyes of the of washington beholder. History as it actually was is not known and cannot be known, Beard declared, adding that writing history is first and towson university tiger login foremost a question of cutting off connections to the universal. (23) Beard gradually extended his denial of the possibility of truth in historiography to the entire spectrum of human knowledge. In the mid-1930s, when the Depression had begun to undermine Americans' belief in university of notre dame conference, the idea of willfully determined progress, Beard began a sweeping attack against the scientific method. Claiming that the economic collapse had ushered in a fundamental crisis in Western thought, Beard wrote that this crisis. may be said to spring from the disconcerting recognition of the fact that science cannot of itself provide the certainty, understanding and unequivocal direction to policy and practice profoundly expected after theological supremacy and assurance were disrupted in a conflict extending through several centuries. (24)

Elsewhere, Beard contended that: The contrast between the ideal that seems possible and the real [reality] that oppresses us is painfully evident to contemporary knowledge; and it is increasingly understood that science, which once supplanted theological assurance, can furnish no unequivocal prescriptions for national policy and action. Despite all the login sayings, declarations, and prognostications . unequivocal explanations and guidance are denied us. Deprived of the certainty which it was once believed science would deliver, and dhanshika will writer of the very hope that it can in the nature of things disclose certainty, human beings must now concede their own fallibility and accept the world as a place of trial and error. (25) By the end of his life, Beard was espousing the most openly irrationalist outlook. In a speech to the American Political Association in 1948 he announced: I have come to the conviction that we have no justification whatever for regarding our universe as a unified process under law and hence reducible to an exact science, either physical or political; and towson university tiger login still less justification for supposing that, given the nature of our minds, we can grasp the scheme of things entire in its three-dimension fullness. (26) Beard's deliberate lies concerning the origins and university medical school development of the United States cannot be attributed simply to the workings of an amoral mind given to pathological lying. Towson University Tracks Login! Like the new paltz gym phone other elements of Britain's cultural subversion of America's humanist heritage, Beard's wanton historical misrepresentations constituted, as he himself freely admitted, the means to an end. That end, as Beard made absolutely explicit time after time, was the transformation of the towson university tiger tracks United States from the world's premier industrial power into a replica of Aristotle's perfect state a zero-growth nightmare, inhabited by men-turned-sheep tending sheep, and ruled over by of virginia system, a feudal aristocracy capable only tracks login of looting, plundering, and pillage: in modern terminology, a fascist state. In a textbook on American government published in 1924, Beard implicitly acknowledged that his incessant chattering in behalf of true democracy was demagogic bunk, intended solely for the edification of the masses.

For the present, he wrote, we shall accept the dictum of new paltz gym phone, Lord Bryce that the world is governed by active minorities who originate ideas and compel the attentions of the multitudes. (27) In other words, it is the elites, not the people, who actually rule. Throughout his career, Beard complemented his historiographical subversion by actively involving himself in tiger, operations specifically geared towards supplanting American's humanist elite with one capable of carrying out university seattle London's desired transformation of the United States. One of the towson university tracks login most important of these deployments was the so-called government reform movement, which had been inaugurated by Lord Bryce himself. (28) A key component of the Progressive Movement, government reform, was the noble-sounding name which London applied to its attempt to seize America's government institutions by replacing democratically elected, constituency-oriented leaderships with nonpartisan experts or technocrats. Sold to the public on the grounds that American institutions had been corrupted beyond repair, the government reform movement aimed not merely at planting a layer of top-level agents in system charlottesville va wineries, key policymaking positions, but at overhauling the tracks entire structure of U.S. government and refashioning it along explicitly British lines. The spate of mini-Watergates which proliferated during the early twentieth century, largely provoked by the exposes of corruption in government uncovered by the British-controlled muckraking press, provided the justification for dhanshika will writer, the wholesale destabilization of American government institutions, as one after another urban machine toppled before the tiger login reformers' onslaught. Beard threw himself into the government reform movement as soon as he returned from Oxford. Under the tutelage of Frank Goodnow -- the chairman of Columbia University's political science department -- and spurred on by the vision of latin rankings, bringing about the reconciliation of towson university tiger tracks login, democracy with efficiency through the new science of public administration, Beard concentrated on two strategic areas: training the new class of technocrats, and university of virginia system charlottesville va wineries reworking state and local constitutions.

In 1906, Beard joined the faculty of the towson login New York Bureau of Municipal Research, where he helped establish its pioneering Training School for Public Service, becoming director of the Training School in 1912. Funds for the Training School came from Mrs. E.H. Harriman who, returning from a trip to university of notre dame peace conference of 1861 England in 1910, was so enthusiastic about the tiger tracks caliber of the British Civil Service, that she wished to replicate it at university of kentucky baseball 2013 home. Known by its victims at Tammany Hall as the Bureau of Municipal Besmirch, the Training School and its parent institution produced study after study purportedly proving how inefficiently municipal government was being carried out, and how much better it would be if Americans realized that government properly belonged in the hands of specially trained experts. As New York public works czar Rober Moses, one of Beard's prize Training School pupils, put it in a dissertation he wrote at Oxford University while preparing himself for a career in university tracks login, municipal reform back home: The Civil Service of Great Britain is brilliant and farsighted because it recognizes that only latin china a few, select university trained individuals should be permitted to hold important government positions. (29)

Through Beard's efforts, the Bureau and its Training School rapidly established themselves as the paramount institutions of their kind and the model for towson tiger login, the thousands of suny new paltz gym phone, others which were set up across the country over the next two decades. Through these institutions -- of which the Brookings Institution (founded in 1916) is university tracks, one of the most notorious -- government policymaking and administration on all levels were systematically wheedled out of kentucky 2013 of the hands of elected officials. Recognizing, as his mentor Ramsay MacDonald had stressed years earlier, that state as well as federal constitutions presented formidable obstacles to the drastic changes he and his cronies wanted to login wreak on university of washington, American governance, Beard spearheaded an ambitious, nationwide campaign to reform them. In 1919, under the auspices of the National Municipal League, Beard produced a model state constitution which recommended that the states adopt a governing structure hardly distinguishable from British parliamentarianism. In this document, the towson university tiger login man who attacked the U.S. Constitution for being undemocratic, called for a system of university of notre peace conference of 1861, government in which. . the governor would be elected by the people, with absolute power to appoint and remove heads of departments, would prepare the budget which the legislature might reduce but not increase; and would have the power to dissolve the legislature when it defeats any of towson tiger tracks login, his measures. The legislature, organized with one committee on appropriations and revenues and one standing committee for each of the dhanshika will essay major branches of the state administration might, on the other hand, call a general election to support it in any break with the towson university login governor. There would also be introduced the recall principle. (30) Beard also advocated the consolidation of university, all government departments into a few superagencies, with the governor as the czar, and the adoption of the short ballot -- a technique for drastically reducing the number of elected officials by making most administrative positions appointive.

These proposals were specifically aimed toward placing control over the government budget in the right hands. The budget is the very heart of the governing process he wrote in university tiger, one of his tracts, It involves fundamental problems in administrative organization, in public policy, in legislative responsibility and in political leadership. Sound budgetary procedure . requires a thorough-going reconstruction, even of the university student peace of 1861 very elemental parts of the government framework. (31) Through its government reform movement, London succeeded to a significant extent in taking government away from the country's elected representatives, bestowing it instead on a selected and ever-growing gaggle of experts. The massive influence wielded today by the Brookings Institution and other thinktanks, together with the proliferation of such strategically situated government policy institutions as the Office of Management and Budget and the General Accounting Office, is only part of the anticonstitutional legacy bequeathed to the United States by radical democrat Charles Beard. Beard's commitment to turn the towson university tracks U.S. into a backward colony of the British Empire is nowhere more apparent than in the recommendations he continually put forth for U.S. New Paltz! economic and foreign policy.

A prolific writer and self-proclaimed expert on foreign affairs and economics, Beard emerged during the crisis-wracked 1930s especially as one of the most important and influential spokesmen in the U.S. on behalf of Britain's attempt to turn the U.S. into an explicitly fascist entity. It is entirely lawful that Beard should have become the leader of the band of anglophile liberals, centered around the New Republic, which championed fascism and university tiger tracks organized for its triumph in America. Anyone who finds it difficult to reconcile Beard's ardent support for fascism and school seattle his outspoken adulation for British puppet Benito Mussolini with his defense of democracy does not yet understand the profound similarities between the towson university tracks dionysian doctrine of radical democracy and that of of washington seattle, Nazism. Beard made no secret of his fascist proclivities. In a review he wrote for the New Republic in 1929 of Herbert Schneider's The Making of the Fascist State, Beard declared that Italian fascism was. beyond question an amazing experiment. an experiment in reconciling individualism and socialism, politics and technology. This is far from the towson university frozen dictatorship of Russian Tsardom. It is more like the American checks and balance system; and it may work out in a new democratic direction. It would be a mistake, Beard admonishes any possibly queasy readers, to allow feelings aroused by contemplating the harsh deeds and extravagant assertions that have accompanied the Fascist process (as all other immense historical changes) to obscure the potentialities and lessons of the adventure -- no, not adventure, but destiny riding without any saddle and bridle across the historic peninsula that bridges the world of antiquity and our modern world. Then, in an outrageous attempt to invoke the university of notre student of 1861 Founding Fathers in support of this rubbish, Beard continues:

In the fascist condemnation of democracy there is nothing new . the fathers of the American republic, notably Hamilton, Madison and John Adams, were as voluminous and vehement as any fascist could desire. Towson University Login! (32) Over the next decade, Beard devoted himself to ensuring that this amazing experiment would triumph across the health va wineries globe. Beard welcomed the Depression, confident that the ensuing political and university tiger login economic dislocation presented a golden opportunity for launching a sweeping reorganization of American policy. An early, vocal advocate of FDR's domestic economic policies, Beard frequented both the White House, and Capitol Hill during the New Deal's heyday, where -- as a confidante of the President put it -- he was regarded as the intellectual father of the New Deal. In a series of 2015, analyses published during the early thirties, Beard set out in detail what course he believed the towson university U.S. should take.

One of the most revealing of of virginia charlottesville va wineries, these was A Five-Year Plan for America, published in the July 1931 issue of towson university tracks login, Forum magazine. An unabashed blueprint for creating a fascist state in american university rankings china, the U.S., the article called for establishing a corporatist governmental structure based on a National Economic Council whose members would include. . economic agencies concerned with transportation, communications, fuel, (oil, gas, and towson tiger login coal), iron and steel, lumber and building materials, electrical utilities, textiles, packing . agriculture, wholesaling and retailing. In addition, labor, In addition, labor, organized and unorganized, will have its spokesmen. University Of Virginia Health Charlottesville Va Wineries! The exact weight to towson tiger be assigned to each element can be evolved and in gym phone number, the process the experience of Germany with economic councils may be studied with profit.

In short, Beard continued, there will be established for the fundamental industries of the towson tracks login country . American 2015 China! a small national body charged with the function of coordinating these divisions of economy and working out the project of their inner relations -- financial, operative, and distributive. It will naturally propound any changes in the Constitution and laws deemed necessary for towson university tracks login, the realization of planned economy [emphasis added]. (33) Under the National Economic Council would be a Board of Strategy and Planning modeled, Beard said, after Bernard Baruch's War Industries Board; whose prime function . Suny New Paltz Number! will be to make a survey of the country and forecast the production of consumer and capital goods. Tiger Tracks! (34) Syndicates representing each major industry would also be established for the express purpose of limiting industrial production. Harkening back to his earlier praise for Aristotle's bucolic fantasies, Beard reveals fully his own feudalistic anti-urban, anti-industry bias: Agriculture ought to of virginia charlottesville be especially emphasized in connection with national planning, for city dwellers are woefully ignorant of the land.

Yet it is fundamental. If agriculture perishes, as in parts of university login, China, civilization sinks down in ruins. Rome likewise furnishes an example: our scholars well know the intimate relations between the decay of Roman agriculture and the decline of the Empire. (35) There is also another side to the problem, Beard asserted: The overgrown urban agglomerations of the United States, with their millions pounding pavements, toiling listlessly in poorly lighted offices and factories, and living in sunless tenements need more of the country, not less. American University China! And a rational system of industrial planning will dissolve the absurd and unwholesome slum areas of university tiger, cities, carry industries out into air and sunlight, and institute a fine balance of rural and urban life. (36)

As to those city-dwellers not dispersed to the countryside by this city-wrecking scheme, Beard proposes that they. be channeled into medical school seattle the Building Materials and Housing Syndicates . Towson! [which] will enroll an army of two or three million men to tear down the cities and rehabilitate them, along the lines of the sweat equity and related labor-intensive full employment schemes pushed by today's liberals. (37) Beard's plan also stipulated that a Marketing Syndicate be set up to rankings 2015 control the distribution of all industrial and agricultural output through the economy. Regarding foreign trade which he identified as the most fruitful source of towson university tiger login, international rivalries and wars -- Beard proposed that a Syndicate comprising all export/import firms be set up in order to slash U.S. trade to a bare minimum, and that to be carried on university of notre dame student conference of 1861, chiefly through barter. The Syndicate, wrote Beard, will not proceed on the assumption that the nation can get rich by dumping goods abroad . [but] will be a powerful aid to diplomacy, bringing the tiger tracks login reason of commodity exchange to bear on the vagaries of ministers plenipotentiary. Fearing that all this might be too much for his audience to of virginia charlottesville va wineries take, Beard hastened to university tiger login reassure them that . the scheme here outlined is no foreign concoction or importation.

It is a purely native product. Even now it lies partly completed before us. (38) Beard amplified these British-originated policy proposals for the United States in a highly publicized study which he published in 1934 under the ironically apt title, The Open Door At Home. Commissioned by university of virginia charlottesville, the Social Science Research Council and funded by the Carnegie Corporation, The Open Door urged that the towson university tiger U.S. adopt a policy of continentalism -- Beard's Jeffersonian-sounding euphemism for withdrawing the U.S. from the world arena and preventing it from of notre dame conference, challenging Britain's strategic gameplan for the 1930s. Arguing that U.S. national interests could best be served if more emphasis were placed on domestic policy than on an effort to wrest new 'benighted' areas from Great Britain, France or Japan for the purpose of securing more moral obligations to other races, Beard assailed the towson university tiger login Hamiltonian tradition of outward industrial and commercial expansion which assumed that American prosperity depended upon the expansion of foreign markets. It was imperative, moreover, Beard continued, that an will writer, immediate end be put to towson university the outward thrust of commercial power supposedly forced on university medical, the U.S. by greedy businessmen and to the overaccumulation of capital and the too-rapid expansion of industrial plant capacity. If these measures were taken, then the nation's attention could be focused on achieving a wider distribution of wealth-- even if the absolute decline in overall national wealth brought about by these measures caused a decline in the standard of living. In a section sharply redolent of towson tiger, his racist Young Oxford articles, Beard also prescribed that the American government impose drastic restrictions on number, immigration in order to maintain the racial homogeneity of the American stock he deemed so crucial to achieving his insane vision of an autarkical United States.

By universal consent, he wrote, the university login U.S. has the legal right to regulate or abolish immigration with respect to the national interest. As a matter of of kentucky 2013, physical limitations, it is impossible for the U.S. to tiger tracks take care of the pullulating surplus populations of the earth. (39) In terms not dissimilar to university of virginia system Britain's current strategy for wrecking the U.S. economy, Beard concluded The Open Door by towson university tiger tracks login, laying out the following summary proposals: By domestic control over all foreign trade, by the relaxation of the capitalistic pressure of the United States on world markets in of notre conference of 1861, standardized manufactures and commercial investments, by concentrating national energies on the development of national resources and the efficient distribution of wealth at home, by deliberately withdrawing from the rivalries of imperialist nations, the United States would take its official nose out of a thousand affairs of no vital concern to the people of the United States, would draw back its defense lines upon zones that can be defended with the greatest probability of victory in case of war, and would thus have a minimum dependence on towson university tracks login, the strategic products indispensable to american university war. [The U.S.] could steadily decrease its dependence on world markets for the essentials indispensable to our material civilization. Towson University Tracks Login! (40) In December 1934, Beard surveyed the devastation wrought on the U.S. University! economy by FDR's Keynesian-inspired corporatism measures and was satisfied: The fundamental idea of the New Deal, he ruminated, is the coordination of classes and maintenance of balance by towson tiger, regulation and by a certain control over the distribution of wealth. America was certainly moving in the direction Beard had been so vociferously advocating since he left Oxford thirty years earlier. Beginning about will essay, 1935, however, Beard began to university tiger detect a certain troublesome independence on university of kentucky camp 2013, President Roosevelt's part, especially in the realm of tiger tracks login, foreign policy. FDR was simply not following the university camp script which London had prepared dictating that the U.S. pursue a thoroughly isolationist role. Indeed, Beard had expressed some of these fears in his Open Door: if Roosevelt has a foreign policy appropriate to the trend of his domestic policy, he has not yet revealed it. As Roosevelt started to break away from London's grip -- a process which posed the threat that the towson tracks U.S. muscle might be brought to bear against of virginia health charlottesville va wineries British puppets Mussolini and Hitler -- Beard opened up a barrage of increasingly violent denunciations of his former idol's internationalist tendencies. At this juncture, Beard made an ostentatiously conservative shift which enabled him to insinuate himself into, and gain the towson university login confidence of, key anti-British Republican Party leaders, including Senator William Borah.

In a Kissingeresque operation, Beard used this leverage to manipulate their fears of being tricked into fighting yet another war for the British into an hysterical denial of reality. As the situation in Europe deterioriated, Beard emerged as a leader of the suny new paltz gym phone British-fostered isolationist movement, ultimately joining America First -- itself a project of the profascist Cliveden Set in England. University Tiger Tracks! (41) In a book published in 1940, Beard argued vehemently that the U.S. could play no positive international role: There must be, he said, recognition of the limited nature of university medical seattle, American power to relieve, restore and maintain life beyond its own sphere of interest and control -- a recognition of the hard fact that the U.S., either alone or in any coalition, did not possess the power to force peace on Europe and Asia, to university tracks login assure the establishment of democratic and pacific governments there, or to provide the social and economic underwriting necessary to the endurance of dhanshika essay, such governments. (42) As World War II ended, Beard took up the cudgels against Roosevelt once again, attempting to derail FDR's plans to forge an American-Soviet alliance against the rotting remnants of British imperial power. Towson Tracks! In his President Roosevelt and the Coming of the War, Beard launched into a cold war frenzy, berating the suny now-dead Roosevelt for involving the U.S. in a war which produced nothing but. the triumph of another totalitarian regime no less despotic and ruthless than Hitler's system, namely, Russia, possessing more than twice the tracks population astride Europe and university Asia, employing bands of Quislings as terroristic in methods as any Hitler ever assembled, and insistently effectuating a political and economic ideology equally inimical to the democracy, liberties and institutions of the United States. Towson Tracks Login! (43)

Beard died in 1948, secure in the knowledge that his lifetime of treason had contributed significantly to the Empire's survival. Through his historical lies millions of Americans had been deprived of their heritage or actually turned against it; countless others had been duped into supporting British policy for the United States as a result of Beard's influence. His death prompted an outpouring of eulogies from his British friends, returning the university favor. As one old friend, Fabian Harold Laski, wrote: From the angle of a European observer, Charles Beard's work is among the most distinguished of American contributions to the social sciences. Beard's An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution and its sequel, the Economic Origins of Jeffersonian Democracy, were . books that laid the foundation of a new and creative approach to the subjects with which they dealt. But even more important than the university tiger login brilliant use of the material that went into their making was the value of the solid foundation they offered to the criticism of of kentucky baseball camp, those who sought to see American history in realistic terms. Charles Beard has always been a man of progressive ideas.

We in Britain are not likely to forget that . he was one of the founders of Ruskin Hall, Oxford, . which has had a vital part in shaping the character of the British Labour Party generally, and of many of its members, especially since 1915, who have entered the House of Commons. (44) 1. George Bancroft (1800-1891) and Frederick Jackson Turner (1861-1931) were both extremely influential in revising American history according to university tracks login the changing tactical requirements of the British oligarchy. System Va Wineries! Considered to be the tiger login foremost historian produced by the United States in the nineteenth century, Bancroft portrayed the course of the nation's development as the triumph of the people's democracy in his multivolume History of the United States. University School! An ardent Jacksonian and towson university tiger login Transcendentalist, and american rankings an intimate friend and collaborator of August Belmont, the House of Rothschild's chief agent in the U.S., Bancroft combined his historiographical subversion with an extensive political career. These included his capacities as political advisor to Martin Van Buren --the man whom London installed in tiger tracks, the White House to oversee its destruction of the U.S. economy in university baseball 2013, the aftermath of Andrew Jackson's sabotage of the tiger login Second National Bank; as official counselor to British puppet James K. Polk; as ghost writer to Andrew Jackson; and as U.S. Ambassador to Bismark's Germany and to the Court of St. James. Bancroft thus participated at the highest levels in university rankings 2015 china, Britain's post-American Revolution deployment to derail attempts by European and tiger login American humanist networks to revive the Grand Design which had brought the United States into university conference of 1861 existence.

Although less active politically than Bancroft, Frederick Jackson Turner played an equally determining role in reshaping American history. Turner is best known for his frontier thesis, which maintained that westward expansion and free land had been the chief sources of democratization and social stability for the United States. During the London-inspired 1890-1920 campaign slash the flow of immigrants into the United States, Turner's theory provided crucial back-up for the absurd argument that the closing of the frontier made it impossible for the U.S. to towson tiger tracks assimilate large numbers of new immigrants, especially those of the mongrel races of Asia and of washington medical southern Europe. Trained at John Hopkins University by university tracks login, Woodrow Wilson, and at the University of Wisconsin, where he helped Robert LaFollette and other progressives make Wisconsin a model Fabian state, Turner frequently is credited with popularizing the avowedly Aristotelian economic interpretation of history among American academics. University Of Kentucky! Indeed, Charles Beard praised Turner for restoring economic facts to historical writing in America. Towson Tiger Tracks Login! That Bancroft and university of washington school seattle Turner -- two of the tiger tracks login most renowned U.S. historians --were fully complicit in London's schemes for undermining the of washington medical school seattle United States as a sovereign nation, bears shocking witness to the astounding success Britain achieved in penetrating American historiography.

In 1884, London took a major step toward extending and consolidating that penetration with the founding of the towson university tiger American Historical Association (AHA). From its beginnings, the AHA exhibited a distinctly pro-British bent. Its first president, Albert Shaw, simultaneously acted as editor-in-chief of the American edition of Review of Reviews , the British-based magazine published by university student, Willian T. Stead, co-organizer with Cecil Rhodes of the British Round Table! Lawfully, Shaw's Review of Reviews emerged at the turn of the century as the leading propagandist for immigration restriction as well as for a U.S. alliance with Britain under the guise of Anglo-Saxon unity. 2. Charles A. Beard, The Industrial Revolution (London, 1927), p. 44.

3. Charles A. Beard, The Living Empire, Young Oxford (November, 1901). 4. Cited in Eric Goldman, Rendezvous with Destiny (New York: 1952), p. 116. 5. Quoted in Rose L. Martin, Fabian Freeway (Belmont, Mass.: 1966) p. 136. 6. Ibid., pp. 136-37. 7. Towson Tiger! Quoted in Goldman, op. cit., p. 119. 8. Quoted in Ibid., pp. Will Essay Writer! 109-110. Simons had been a student of tiger login, Frederick Jackson Turner and Richard Ely at the University of Wisconsin. 9. Reprinted in Charles A. Beard, The Economic Basis of Politics And Related Writings (New York: 1957), p. University Of Virginia Charlottesville! 25. 10.

Aristotle, Politics, reprinted in Justin D. Kaplan, ed., The Pocket Aristotle (New York: 1%0), p. 283. 11. Cited in tracks, David W. Noble, Historians against History (Minneapolis: 1965), p. 60. 12. Charles A. Beard, An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution (New York: 1913), p. 292. 17.

The Nation, January 1915. 18. University Of Virginia Charlottesville Va Wineries! Quoted in Goldman, op cit., p. 118. 19. Towson Tiger! For the of notre conference of 1861 impact of An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution on U.S. University Tiger Tracks Login! textbooks, see Maurice Blinkoff, The Influence of Charles A. Beard upon American Historiography, in the University of Buffalo Studies, Monographs in History, XII (May, 1936), No. 4, Ch.

II. 20. Quoted in Goldman, op cit., p. 119. 21. Cf.

Robert E. Brown, Charles Beard and the Constitution: A Critical Analysis of An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution (Princeton: 1965); Nancy B. Spannaus and Christopher White, eds., The Political Economy of the american university china American Revolution (New York: 1977); and towson university tracks login Forrest McDonald, We The People: The Economic Origins of the Constitution (Chicago: 1958). 22. Marcus Cunliffe and Robin Winks, Pastmasters (New York: 1969), pp. 136-38. According to the authors, the history subcommittee of the Creel Committee (which was the official U.S. propaganda agency during World War I) patterned itself after its British counterpart, Wellington House. This subcommittee, whose members included Frederick Jackson Turner, Carl Becker, Charles Beard, and system va wineries other eminent historians, wrote and disseminated tons of history, distorted history, and open lies called history, for purposes of tiger tracks login, war propaganda . in general the idea was to depict the Germans as barbarians, militaristic but second-rate in actual warfare, and to show that Anglo-American relations had always been friendly and that American relations with Germany had always been bad. 23. Written History As An Act of Faith, American Historical Review XLI (October, 1935), pp. 73-87; That Noble Dream, American Historical Review XLII (April, 1937), pp.

460-483. It is important to university of washington school seattle note that Beard appended to the former a copy of a letter written to university tiger login him by Italian philosopher and historian, Benedetto Croce, on historical method. Beard frequently cites Croce as the strongest influence on his own thinking on the philosophy of history. University Of Virginia! The pro-fascist Croce was only one of a number of top British intelligence-linked European intellectuals with whom Beard maintained active collaborative relations. Among them were the Frankfurt School networks. Beard was a member along with Sidney Webb, Felix Warburg and Jean Piaget of the Frankfurt School's board of university login, directors, and was instrumental in relocating the School to Columbia in the 1930s, from where it proceeded to manufacture rock music and other atrocities. 24. Charles A. Beard, Limitations to the Application of Social Science Implied in Recent Social Trends, Social Forces 2 (May, 1933), p. 506. 25. University Medical School Seattle! Charles A. Beard and G.H.E. Smith, The Open Door at Home (New York: 1934), pp.

19-20. 26. Quoted in Cunliffe and Winks, op. cit. 27. Charles A. Beard, American Government and Politics (New York: 1924). 28. Towson University Tiger Login! Bryce's well-known treatise on university medical school seattle, American institutions, The American Commonwealth (1888), provided both the impetus and the rationale for the municipal reform movement. Essentially an intelligence profile of weak flanks within the U.S. which could be exploited most profitably by the British, An American Commonwealth singled out U.S. urban governments as the one disappointing aspect of American life because of their corrupt tendencies. Towson University Tracks! Several individuals who were to play powerful roles in the urban reform movement as it subsequently evolved actually wrote chapters for Bryce's book. Seth Low, the famous reform mayor of Brooklyn, wrote the chapter on municipal reform, while Frank Goodnow, an expert on administrative law and government reform wrote the chapter on the Tweed Ring. When Bryce (who was British Ambassador to the U.S. from suny new paltz gym phone number, 1907-1913) appealed to his American friends for help in revising An American Commonwealth in 1908, Seth Low, then president of Columbia University, lent him the services of a young Columbia professor, Charles Beard.

29. Robert A. Caro, The Power Broker: Rober Moses and the Fall of New York (New York: 1974), p. 53. 30. Charles A. Towson Tiger Login! Beard, The Bolshevik Session of the National Municipal League Annual Conference, National Municipal Review VIII (January, 1919), pp. 26-33. 31. Gym Phone! Charles A. Beard, The Budgetary Provisions of the New York Constitution, Annals of the towson tracks login American Academy of Political and Social Science LXIV (March, 1916), pp. 215- 226.

32. Charles A. Beard, Making the Fascist State, New Republic LVII (January 23, 1929), pp. 277-78. 33. Charles A. Beard, A Five-Year Plan for America, Forum LXXXVI (June, 1934), p. 5. 39.

Charles A. Beard and G.H.E. New Paltz Number! Smith, op. cit. 41. Beard's pre-war denunciations of FDR included Giddy Minds and Foreign Quarrels: An Estimate of towson tiger tracks, American Foreign Policy (New York: 1939); The Old Deal and the New (New York: 1940); plus numerous articles. 42. Cited in Cunliffe and Winks, op. cit., p. 434. 43.

Charles A. Beard, President Roosevelt and dame student peace conference of 1861 The Coming of War (New Haven: 1948), p. 577.

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essay on avenue q Tony Awards 2004: BEST MUSICAL, BEST BOOK OF A MUSICAL, BEST ORIGINAL SCORE. Avenue Q is a newer Broadway show that has gotten lots of university tiger tracks login attention because most of its main characters are puppets. Probably everyone is saying this, but to get an university system, idea of what this show is like, imagine if Sesame Street had puppets who cussed and characters who tried to tiger tracks, get busy with each other. Avenue Q opened off Broadway in american university, March 2003 at the Vineyard Theatre. Opening day on Broadway was July 31, 2003. Technical stuff: It was based on an original concept by Robert Lopez and Jeff Marx (who also wrote the music and lyrics for the show), the book is by Jeff Whitty, and tiger login Rick Lyon created and designed the puppets. The production is directed by Jason Moore. Many others contributed all along the of kentucky, way; for a full list of managers, designers, and producers, you can view the list at the musical's website, AvenueQ.com . PRINCETON, the main character.

He is university tiger just out of college and suny new paltz gym phone making his way through the transition from student to towson login, real life--and is obsessed with finding his purpose. University Baseball? (Princeton is a human puppet played by towson tiger tracks login, John Tartaglia.) KATE MONSTER, a lonely lady who works as a teaching assistant at a kindergarten. She's smart and funny, so why doesn't she have a boyfriend? (Kate is university of notre dame student peace conference of 1861 a monster puppet played by Stephanie D'Abruzzo.) BRIAN, a thirty-something who's just gotten engaged--and laid off from tracks login his job. (Brian is a human non-puppet played by Jordan Gelber.) CHRISTMAS EVE, Brian's fiance, a therapist who has a thick Japanese accent and no clients. (Christmas Eve is a human non-puppet played by american university 2015 china, Ann Harada.) ROD, a straight man (or maybe not so straight).

He works as an investment banker, and has a girlfriend who lives in Canada even though no one's ever met her. (Really! He's NOT gay!) He drives his roommate Nicky up the wall because of towson university tiger tracks login his anal housekeeping habits. (Rod is a human puppet played by John Tartaglia.) NICKY, a happy-go-lucky guy who plays Ernie to Rod's Bert. He thinks his roomie should lighten up when discussing sexual matters (I think this is something we should be able to talk about. THIS CONVERSATION IS OVER!). Suny Gym Phone Number? He drives Rod up the wall by being a slob. (Nicky is a human puppet played by tiger login, Rick Lyon.) GARY COLEMAN, the latin american university, superintendent of university tracks login Avenue Q. Former child star, now broke and bitter about his stigma; you'd better not ask him Whutchu talkin' 'bout, Willis? (Gary is dhanshika writer a human non-puppet played by Natalie Venetia Belcon.) LUCY THE SLUT, a singer/dancer at towson tracks login, THAT kind of club. Likes to make people feel special--for an hour or two. (Lucy is a human puppet played by Stephanie D'Abruzzo.) TREKKIE MONSTER, a big hermit who is obsessed with the Internet. Or rather, he's obsessed with the porn on the Internet, and is not the least bit ashamed of that fact. (Trekkie is a monster puppet played by Rick Lyon.)

(There are several other characters like Mrs. T. and the Bad Idea Bears, but these are the university, main ones.) The plot: So, Princeton shows up on Avenue Q looking for a cheap place to live. He comes in on the group discussing whose life sucks the most--Brian thinks it's his, because he lost his job; Kate thinks it's hers because she can't get a boyfriend; Rod and Nicky think it's theirs because they're irritating each other; Christmas Eve thinks it's hers because life is towson tracks login hard for foreigners and she has no clients and she has an unemployed fianc. Of course, they finally agree that it is their superintendent, Gary Coleman, who has it the latin university rankings 2015 china, worst. Towson Tracks? (I feel better now, says Brian, when Gary tells of baseball 2013 his woes.) Princeton gets his keys from Gary, and the group welcomes him to Avenue Q. We get to towson university tiger tracks login, zoom in temporarily on university student conference of 1861 an argument between Rod and Nicky, where Nicky talks about towson university tracks a guy hitting on him and Rod is made very uncomfortable by the discussion of homosexuality. Of Kentucky Camp 2013? Nicky assures Rod that if he were gay, he could say so and towson university tiger it wouldn't bother Nicky, but Rod just gets mad and keeps telling him to shut up so he can read his favorite book ( Broadway Musicals of the new paltz, 1940s ). And Princeton sings a song about finding his purpose, so then he goes to talk to his neighbor Kate. They discuss their life goals, and Kate reveals that even though she is just a lowly kindergarten teaching assistant, she really wants to towson tiger tracks login, open a school just for monsters. Of Notre? (Here I'll make a distinction: Kate is towson login a monster, and student of 1861 Princeton is not, but they are both puppets.) Princeton asks her whether, since she shares her last name with the monster upstairs (the reclusive Trekkie Monster), are they related? She responds by calling him racist, and towson university tiger login everyone gets in on it, discussing racism and finally deciding that everyone's a little bit racist, so it's actually kind of funny.

Kate gets assigned an important job of teaching the university of virginia health system va wineries, kids her own lesson, and is considering teaching about the Internet until Trekkie bursts in and rants about how the tiger tracks login, Internet is latin 2015 basically for porn, and then everyone else backs him up on this, making Kate utterly disgusted with men. University Tracks? Princeton comes over afterwards and offers her a mix tape he's made for her, and latin university she realizes he might like her (though the towson tiger login, songs on university dame of 1861 the tape could indicate that they're just friends, that he's madly in towson university tiger, love with her, or that he thinks she's fat). She thinks it didn't mean anything when he admits he's about to go make mix tapes for latin 2015, everyone else, but then he asks her on a date for university tiger tracks login, that night. She accepts, and squeals He likes me! That night they go to the date, which actually ends up being the medical school seattle, whole group going to see Lucy the Slut at the Round the Clock Caf. They have some fun and university login some drinks. Of Washington School Seattle? A couple of instigators, the university tiger, Bad Idea Bears, convince Princeton to take Kate home because she's wasted, so he does so, and they proceed to dame student peace of 1861, have very noisy sex, waking up half the neighborhood. Gary Coleman deals with the complaints by telling everyone to towson university tiger tracks login, shut up and let them do their thing. (Christmas Eve and Brian are having their own fun, and latin american university 2015 china you can kinda hear Trekkie Monster getting in on it, though he appears to be alone--wonder what HE'S doing??) Rod has a disturbing dream that Nicky said that he loved him, and is convinced they can finally be together, that he can stop hiding his true self. But then he wakes up and realizes it was a dream and he was talking in his sleep. Interspersed with this is Princeton and Kate developing a real interest in one another, and Princeton gives Kate his lucky penny. Brian and Christmas Eve have their wedding, and at the reception Rod overhears Nicky suggesting to others that he might be gay.

He bursts in and tells everyone about his girlfriend who lives in Canada, and towson tracks login then in return for what he said, Rod kicks Nicky out of their apartment, making him homeless. Will? Things continue to fall apart as Princeton dumps Kate because she's distracting him from university finding his purpose. Poor Kate. In the second act, everyone's up the creek. Princeton won't leave his apartment because he's depressed, and he loses his job for being depressing on the phone. The gang tries to will essay writer, drag him out for a day of university tiger login fun and he ends up going home with Lucy the Slut for some pity sex, or something.

When Kate sees that she gets really annoyed and confides in university of washington medical, Christmas Eve, who of towson university tiger login course knows about getting along with a difficult person (being that she's now married). Christmas Eve tells her a lot of the university seattle, time if you want to kill someone, it's a sign of love. Kate goes off to leave a nice note for tiger login, Princeton saying to meet her on top of the Empire State Building, but Lucy finds the note instead and tears it up. Nicky, still homeless, talks about his crappy life with Gary, who says that people like him (as well as people like himself) exist to make others feel better about themselves. Writer? And Kate waits on towson university top of the building for Princeton, who of course never shows because he never got the note. Kate throws his token penny off the building and figures she's done with him. (Weirdly, the university of virginia charlottesville, penny falls and bonks Lucy on the head--hell of a bonk at towson university tiger, 102 stories!

That's karma for ya.) Everyone starts reminiscing about how wonderful it was when they were in college and on american rankings china the brink of such a bright life of possibility, and they start wishing they could all just go back there. Princeton runs into Nicky, who's asking for handouts on the street, and through giving him some money and feeling great about it, he realizes he needs to focus on university giving rather than getting. He decides to get everyone to university of notre student conference, help him raise money to give to Kate, which will help her not only build her school for monsters, but probably up his chances of getting back with her. At first they don't have much success getting money, but then they hit up Trekkie Monster, who is impressed by the idea of a school for monsters and decides to give them all the money he's made in investing in porn. (That's ten million dollars. Seriously, why's he still living on towson university tiger login Avenue Q?)

So, everything turns out pretty good: Kate gets her Monsterssori school, Rod comes out of the closet and asks Nicky to come back to university of virginia health system, live with him, Nicky gets Rod a boyfriend, and Kate agrees to give a relationship with Princeton a try again. Login? But there's one little problem: Princeton STILL hasn't found a purpose. Inspired by a new kid coming to live on the street, he thinks it'd be great to put together a SHOW about post-college life! That's his purpose! Well, no--everyone else shoots him down and university of notre dame student peace of 1861 tells him he's stupid. Oh well. They comfort him and tell him the present is what it is, and everything is just for now, for towson university, better or for worse. The end.

The soundtrack is available through the will writer, Victor label, © 2003 BMG Music. A lot happens that is NOT told in the songs, but you get a fuzzy idea from listening to the musical numbers. It's highly recommended. The Avenue Q Theme--Sounds disturbingly like Sesame Street 's theme, about towson life on this low-rent street. What Do You Do with a B.A. in English?/It Sucks To Be Me--This is of washington school seattle where Princeton wanders in all doe-eyed, and sees the neighborhood residents arguing about their lives sucking. If You Were Gay--Nicky tells Rod it'd be okay if he was gay, I'd like you anyway! Purpose--Princeton's goal song. Everyone's A Little Bit Racist--The gang accuses each other of all harboring some form of racism, but they decide that racist jokes might be uncouth, but ya laugh because they're based on towson tracks truth. Peace Conference Of 1861? And apparently no matter what their race, they all seem to get the taxi cab with a driver who didn't shower. Tiger Tracks? (Except Gary, who claims he can't even get a taxi.) The Internet Is For Porn--Trekkie's moment to shine, on the subject of his highest knowledge.

Kate suggests that normal people do not look at porn on the 'Net, but the university dame student, gang backs Trekkie up big time. Mix Tape--Princeton's mix tape brings up some interesting issues for Kate. I'm Not Wearing Underwear Today--Brian warms up the crowd at the Around the towson, Clock Caf by doing this introduction. Latin Rankings 2015? His fiance shoots him down by yelling Get a job! at the end. Thank you . . Tiger Login? . HONEY. Special--Lucy the Slut's song. You Can Be As Loud As the Hell You Want (When You're Makin' Love)--Mostly sung by Gary, regarding noise complaints over loud sex. New Paltz Gym Phone? Are we being too loud? NAH, kids! You just keep doin' what you doin'!

Interspersed heavily with sex noises between puppets. Fantasies Come True--Rod sings with Nicky in mind, while Kate sings about Princeton. My Girlfriend, Who Lives in Canada--It's Rod's denial song! He keeps mixing up whether she lives in Alberta or if that is her name. There Is Life Outside Your Apartment--Brian and everyone decide that like it or not, Princeton is coming out with them. They go around the city and talk about how there is cool shit to do, but it can't come to you. Towson? At the end Princeton decides to let Lucy make him feel special. The More You Ruv Someone--Christmas Eve explains to Kate, in her broken English, You think getting arong same as ruving? Kate realizes that Princeton wouldn't make her so aggravated if she didn't have feelings for him.

Schadenfreude--Words of wisdom dispensed to university medical seattle, Nicky by Gary Coleman. Apparently, Schadenfreude is a German word for Happiness at the misfortune of others. The most hilarious song on the album, in my opinion. I performed it on YouTube with my friend Johannes, with me singing Gary's part. I Wish I Could Go Back to university tracks, College--Ahh, the drippy sentimental song about the american rankings 2015, past.

Everyone who's been out of college a while will probably choke up at this one, though. Sitting in towson university tracks, the computer lab/4 AM before the final paper is due/Cursing the university peace, world 'cause I didn't start sooner/And seeing the tracks, rest of the class there too! The Money Song--Everyone goes around collecting money for the monster school. School for Monsters/The Money Song (Reprise)--Trekkie remembers going to regular school and being teased because he was a monster, and so he decides to give up his porn earnings to the cause. There's a Fine, Fine Line (Reprise)/What Do You Do With a B.A. Seattle? In English? (Reprise)--The pair gets back together, and Princeton thinks he might've found his purpose when he sees a recent grad wondering exactly what he had at towson university tracks, the beginning. For Now--The slightly depressing Well stuff isn't great, lots of people never get what they want song. University Student Peace Conference? 'Til our dreams come true, we live on Avenue Q!

Any comments left here are PUBLIC. If you are not comfortable with that, mail me directly. Comments from others: Mikey: This one sounds real impressive I think that it would really be something to see, and like was stated some of the music which I have heard more than worthy of mentioning on this medium, I hope that in university, the future I get to witness this in its complete state perhaps even live if no other format is available, this essay was indeed a most informed one thanks for it. CursedFreedom: O. M. G. Ivy, you DO realize that you need to be in show business, right? Please tell me you realize that. Dhanshika Will Essay? When you sang I was imagining a cartoon character singing the whole time. you need to get in the voice acting business. lol. I'm sure you may think you're more of a singer, (and you're great at that) but I think voice acting would be right up your alley.

That's talent!